The assumption of something that is believed to be true unless proven differently. 

The variable being measured.  (Outcome variable)

Ex. The violence after watching Power Rangers

Factor that the researcher manipulates

ex. Violent vs. non-violent T.V. shows when measuring if those shows cause aggresion

(treatment variable)

all people have the same chance of getting each condition

-- helps us determine cause and effect

Surveys

helps us generalize to a population

- survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion

depends.  

ex. 5 out of 100 is unlikely to happen by chance alone

- the size of the sample- larger samples mean less likely to get a chance result and more likely to find the "true" effect that exists within a pop.

- the size of the effect- larger effect means less likely to get by chance more likely to be real

- the background variability or "noise"- do the scores clump together within the 2 conditions or are they spread out?

      Socially shared beliefs- widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. 

Help us make sense of our world

·      Research done in natural, real life settings outside the laboratory. 

   In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes. 

Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.

- like the demand effect

We learn to see ourselves by internalizing how others see us

ex. mom says "you are a stubborn little boy"= boy thinks he is stubborn

Self

 (mental agent fiction or knowledge structure??)

mental agent fiction- "i am here i am living my life."- like Krang the smoosh inside of the robot controlling it

Behaviorism says that the mental doesn't control anything- everything you do is based on past reinforcements- not your choice

Knowledge structure- what you know yourself to be...? - me- talkative, Nice, Lazy etc.

We are very sensitive to self-relevant information- always trying to figure out who we are and what we are like

if you hear your name you will listen

Understanding our selves by comparing to others

Upwards and downwards comparison

ex. I can run a mi. in 9 min. but John can run it in 7.  Makes you feel bad- downward comparison

We seek interaction with people who will verify our self views- even if they are negative

Would rather interact with someone who confirms your negative self concept than someone who doesn't otherwise may make you feel worse

We can use our self-knowledge to motivate ourselves (possible self images, actual/ideal discrepancies) 

Ideal selves are positive possible selves

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably

ex. I got an A in history because I studied hard but I got a D in sociology because the test was unfair

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behavior

ex. Most people in the world agree with me that Global Warming is real

a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self worth. 

A bombardier may feel high self-efficiency and low self-esteem

Locus of control is the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces

- internal you can control your own destiny

-external destiny is controlled by outside forces

Causes people to take risks and can hamper growth and adaptation.

underage drinking and driving- bad things won't happen to me 

People that are narcissistic are often times more violent. Also in collectivistic cultures, people function fine without stron self-esteem. (less excuse making, blaming in these cultures). Also if you have a very high self-esteem you are likely to self-handicap

Protecting one’s self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure. 

ex. i went to the movies and partied instead of studying so thats why I didn't do well on the test

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. 

·      A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.  divorcees blame their partners

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. 

·      “Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.

1) When the attitude question is very specific to the behavior being predicted.

2) When no strong social force is present.

3) When the person is SELF aware (linking the self-concept to the action-concept)

Catholic priests sent to do a lecture on either good samaritans or something else.  15min, 5 min or running late to the lecture was another part of the experiment

larger time effect than effect of topic

·      Self-determination theory vs. Self-perception theories’ explanations of undermining: 

·       

-Self-determination: Feeling coerced by rewards thwarts our need for autonomy and spoils the intrinsic motivation.

-Self-Perception: I got paid to do it, that must mean I don’t like it (Insufficient justification)

·      A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings ( and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.