Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| the tendency to over-attribute one's actions to their disposition and under-attribute situation. |
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Definition
| hidden variable that may affect results in experiments. |
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| ability to rule out confounds. |
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Definition
| # cells determined by # of IV's levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| an active cognitive process or set of processes through which we know, understand, and judge others. |
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Definition
| happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, digust |
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Definition
person #1's facial expressions can change the way person #2 listens to them
serious/neutral=systematic
happy=heuristic |
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Definition
| the process by which the perciever infers the cause of the target person's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
normative model used to make an attribution the perciever compares observed behavior to:
1.other actors (consensus)
2.other situations (consistency)
3.other stimuli (distinctiveness) |
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Term
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Definition
1. categorize behavior (automatic)
2. make dispositional inference (automatic)
3. correct for situation if one possessed the cognitive resources
(e.g. anxiety of woman in conversation sex/vaction) |
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Term
| Actor-Observer Bias Effect |
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Definition
behavior of self=attribute it to situation
behavior of others=attribute to disposition |
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Definition
positive situation-attribute to disposition
negative situation=attribute to situation |
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Term
| depressive-realism hypothesis |
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Definition
| depressed people are more realistic, do not have tendency to protect self-esteem like others. |
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Term
| attribution and just world hypothesis |
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Definition
| blame the victim to avoid thinking that the world is not fair. |
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Term
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Definition
| perciever cobines specific info abour target person to derive a summary impression or judgement |
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Term
| Soloman Asch's Primacy Effect |
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Definition
| people tend to give first impressions a lot of weight in their impression formation |
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Term
| Soloman Asch's Gestault Model |
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Definition
Summary impression is NOT a sum of its parts. you CANNOT view each attribute in isolation, it depends on context.
(e.g. competent, skillful, motivated teacher vs. competent, skillful, motivated child molester) |
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Term
| Anderson's Weighted Average Model |
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Definition
| impression of the whole is a weighted average of its parts. subjective not objective |
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Term
| On-Line Model of Impression Formation |
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Definition
| speed dating for example: keeping a running tally, judging and re-judging. |
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Term
| Memory-Based Model of Impression Formation |
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Definition
| if you're focused on something else you have to think more to make a judgment at the time of retrieval rather than during the actual time of receiving info. |
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Term
| 7 Stages of Social Formation Processing |
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Definition
1. exposure/attention to stimulous
2. comprehension
3. encode and interpret, make attribution
4. represent-point of judgment
5. retrieve
6. combine/integrate to form subjective impression or judgment
7. behavioral response
many of these steps are selective or biased. |
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Term
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Definition
representation in long term memory of some person or event
object schemas and event schemas |
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Definition
| representation of a person. summary of past, but also expectation for future. |
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Definition
representation of a role or position
e.g. lawyer |
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Definition
| representation of a particular GROUP |
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Definition
| sequence of events that already occured |
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Definition
| AKA script. average of an event |
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Definition
| persistence of belief in schema that has already been discredited |
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Term
| Schema and Judgmental Accuracy |
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Definition
Inaccurate because:
1. stereotype just completely wrong
2. stereotype exaggerates facts
3. people are not heterogeneous |
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Definition
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Definition
| motivation and ability when it comes to using schemas and heuristics |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
AKA similarity heuristic
when someone misinterprets likliness of something based on its similarity to something else
e.g. probability of Mary being a librarian |
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Term
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Definition
belief that something occurs more often than it really does because of frequency one hears about it.
e.g. % of violent deaths |
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Term
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Definition
| we may give negative/undesirable info more weight |
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Term
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Definition
| e.g. old people study. words. walked slower if like old people, faster if they didn't |
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Term
| Selective Encoding (Bower) |
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Definition
| point of experience mediates affect |
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| Selective Retrieval (Isen) |
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Definition
| mall intercept study, asked how they felt about a product, it was congruent with their mood |
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Term
| Biased Elaboration/Interp. |
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Definition
| Ambiguous information is judged as + or - based on affect |
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Term
| Affect as Information Hypothesis (Schwarz and Clore) |
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Definition
| people think their feelings are representative of attitude toward the object, but really they at affected by an outside force (weather, money, candy bar) can be eliminated by pointing out the outside force before asking about their attitude. |
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Term
| Yale Framework of Persuasion |
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Definition
WHO says WHAT to WHOM?
must consider the source credibility
must consider message strength
must consider recipient's cognition |
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Term
| Attitude-Behavior Relation (Fishbein) |
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Definition
people have attitude toward objects which are different from their attitudes toward behaviors.
(e.g. attitude toward porsche vs buying a porsche) |
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Term
| Theory of Reasoned Action |
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Definition
when making a behavioral decision must consider attitude toward behavior and must also consider subjective norms. behavior intention will usually be same as behavior.
(e.g. stopping for red light in desert) |
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Term
| Self-Perception Theory (Bem) |
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Definition
| we have no attitudes, we just judge based on collection of most recent behaviors on-the-spot |
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Term
| Shifting Standards Effect (Biernat) |
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Definition
rating of a group member is shifted away from that of group.
(Jane is not tall, but tall for a WOMAN) |
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