Term
|
Definition
| consistency theory concerned with balance and imbalance in ways in which three elements are related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cognitive dissonance theory - Festinger |
|
Definition
consistency theory that people are motivated to reduce dissonant elements or add consonant elements to reduce tension when their attitudes and behaviors are not in synch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cognitive dissonance theory - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation where person makes choice between several desirable alternatives – leads to post-decisional dissonance – more attitude change |
|
|
Term
| Forced-compliance dissonance |
|
Definition
| individual forced into behaving in manner inconsistent with beliefs – force can come from anticipated punishment or reward – less attitude change |
|
|
Term
| Spreading of alternatives |
|
Definition
trying to make good thing you chose seem better and good thing you didn’t choose seem worse |
|
|
Term
| Minimal justification effect |
|
Definition
| when external justification for behavior at odds with belief is minimal, dissonance is reduced by changing internal cognitions |
|
|
Term
| Festinger boring task/paid to lie experiment |
|
Definition
| Minimal justification effect - study |
|
|
Term
| Self-perception theory - Bem |
|
Definition
when attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, people observe their own behavior and then attribute attitudes to themselves based on their behavior – person’s initial attitude is irrelevant and behavior doesn’t produce discomfort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self-perception theory - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people to stop liking something they previously enjoyed because of receiving a reward for the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can atomic-powered sub be built experiment - over time, persuasive impact of high credibility source decreased while persuasive effect of low credibility source increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion -
Petty/Cacioppo |
|
Definition
two routes to persuasion, central and peripheral – in central, strong arguments change minds more often than weak messages – in peripheral, strength of argument doesn’t matter, just how, by whom, or in what surroundings it is being presented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion - person |
|
|
Term
| Alalogy in inoculation - McGuire |
|
Definition
| people can be psychologically inoculated against the attack of persuasive communications by first exposing them to a weakened attack – tested using cultural truisms by first presenting refuted counterarguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alalogy in inoculation - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
under certain conditions, people will hold beliefs even after they’ve been shown to be false – for example if they have been asked to come up with their own explanation for the belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the person’s sense of freedom is threatened, the person will act in a way to reassert that sense of freedom (so if you try too hard to persuade someone, they will believe the opposite of your position) |
|
|
Term
| Social comparison theory - Festinger |
|
Definition
| tendency to evaluate self in comparison to others drives affiliation: 1. People prefer to evaluate selves by objective, nonsocial means, but when not possible, they evaluate selves by comparisons; 2. The less the similarity of opinions and abilities between two people, the less tendency to make these comparisons; 3. When a discrepancy exists with respect to opinions and abilities, there is tendency to change one’s position to move it in line with group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social comparison theory - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
we tend to like those who seem to like us, and dislike those who seem to dislike us |
|
|
Term
Gain-loss principle -
Aronson/Linder |
|
Definition
| an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant (if someone starts liking us less we will like them less/if someone starts liking us more we will like them more than if their regard had been constant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gain-loss principle - two people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we are motivated to affiliate with others based upon the rewards/costs of affiliation – the more rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals strive for fairness and feel uncomfortable with lack of fairness, so they want their ratio of cost/reward to equal the other’s cost/reward ratio - perceived inequity leads to relational instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people chose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other’s needs |
|
|
Term
| Attractiveness stereotype |
|
Definition
| tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people generally develop a greater liking for someone who lives within a few blocks than for someone who lives in different neighborhood |
|
|
Term
Mere exposure hypothesis -
Zajonc |
|
Definition
| tendency for people to prefer things with which they are familiar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mere exposure hypothesis - person |
|
|
Term
Bystander intervention -
Darley/Latane |
|
Definition
| Kitty Genovese murder/Kew Gardens – lack of intervention due to social influence and diffusion of responsibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bystander intervention - two people |
|
|
Term
| Social influence study - Latane/Darley |
|
Definition
staging ambiguous emergencies (fires) in lab settings; presence of nonresponsive confederates decreases interpretation of event as emergency
Study/person |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of responsibility - Latane/Darley |
|
Definition
| when others are present, responsibility, blame, and guilt are shared, so individual is less likely to respond – in discussion on college life, the more participants there were, the less likely participant was likely to help a seizing confederate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of responsibility - people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency |
|
|
Term
Empathy-altruism model -
Batson |
|
Definition
| when faced with situations in which others may need help, those who feel distress are less likely to help than those who feel empathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Empathy-altruism model - person |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
| strength of frustration experienced is correlated with level of aggression observed |
|
|
Term
| Social learning theory - Bandura |
|
Definition
| behavior is learned through modeling or reinforcement – Bobo doll experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social learning theory - person |
|
|
Term
| Autokinetic effect - Sherif |
|
Definition
| illusion that occurs when spot of light appears to move erratically in dark room because there is no frame of reference – in group, solitary estimates changed so group agreed on amount of movement – individuals conform to group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autokinetic effect/moving light experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compliance with an initial small request increases likelihood of compliance with a larger request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refusal of a large initial request increases likelihood of compliance with a later larger request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Doll preference study– white and black children prefer the white doll
Two people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occasions when first impressions are more importance than subsequent impressions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occasions when most recent information is most important in forming impressions |
|
|
Term
Attribution theory -
Heider |
|
Definition
| people tend to infer causes of other people’s behavior as either dispositional or situational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attribution theory - person |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| tendency to attribute individual characteristics as causes of others’ behaviors and situational characteristics to one’s own behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to allow general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person |
|
|
Term
Belief in a just world -
Lerner |
|
Definition
| tendency to believe in just world increases likelihood of blaming victim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in a just world - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proxemics – how individuals space themselves in relation to others – in U.S., 1 ft. well known, several ft. strangers
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group than when acting individually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prison simulation – 'guards’ became more violent/mean, ‘prisoners’ became more conforming and has mental breaks (due to deindividuation)
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of self-awareness and personal identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus at expense of not considering discordant info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
finding that group decisions are riskier than average of individual choices |
|
|
Term
Value hypothesis -
Stoner |
|
Definition
| risky shift occurs in situations when riskiness is culturally valued |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Value hypothesis - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for group discussion to enhance group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classic method of investigating people’s choices to compete or cooperate using a hypothetical case where two men have been taken into custody, separated, and can choose either to confess or not confess |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation; improve intergroup relations |
|
|
Term
Social facilitation -
Zajonc |
|
Definition
presence of others enhances learned tasks but hinders new ones
Term/Person |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus overload theory - Millgram |
|
Definition
| explains why urbanites are less social than country people are; urbanites don’t need any additional interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus overload theory - person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
length of lines comparison study – people would get easy questions wrong in group when many others got them wrong
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
boring tasks/paid to lie experiment (those paid more to lie remembered task as more boring than those paid less)
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of attitudes on “can practical, atomic-powered sub be built” – highly credible sources are more effective at changing minds
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
studied leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire (democratic works best)
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
studied influence of group norms at Bennington College; women from conservative families in liberal school were more likely to vote liberal the longer they’d been at the school
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
studied relationship between anxiety and need for affiliation – strong positive correlation
Person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Robber’s Cave experiment (with two groups of boys at camp who were made to dislike and then like each other)
Person |
|
|
