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| The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations. |
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| Evolutionary Psychology (5) |
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Definition
| The study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| Standards for accepted and expected behavior. Prescribe "proper" behavior. (what most other's do) |
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| The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us. |
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| In psych, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female |
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| The vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes |
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| Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In lab experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings. |
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| Andro (man) and gyn (woman)-- thus mixing masculine and feminine characteristics. |
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| A set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females |
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| A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment) |
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| A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests. |
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| Self-Exchange Theory (12) |
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Definition
| The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs. |
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| A motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase one's own welfare. The opposite of altruism, which aims to increase another's welfare. |
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| An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network |
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| Social-Responsibility Norm (12) |
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Definition
| An expectation that people will help those needing help |
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Definition
| The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes. |
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Definition
| The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders |
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| Door-In-The-Face technique (12) |
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Definition
| A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request |
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| The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. |
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| Overjustification Effect (12) |
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Definition
| The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing |
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Definition
| A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals |
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| A condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships |
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| A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |
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| Tragedy of the Commons (13) |
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Definition
| Any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. Occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse. |
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Definition
| Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose |
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| Mirror-Image Perceptions (13) |
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Definition
| Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive |
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Term
| Equal-Status Contact (13) |
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Definition
| Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those or equal status. |
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| A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another |
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| Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties |
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| An attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions |
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Definition
| Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement |
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Term
| Integrative Agreements (13) |
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Definition
| Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit |
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Definition
| Acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction"-a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions. |
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