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| beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group |
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| a negative attitude or affective (feelings) response toward a certain group and its individual members |
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| unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group |
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| modern racism (symbolic racism) |
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| prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs |
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| implicit association tests (IAT) |
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| technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups |
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| procedure used to increase to accessibility of a concept of schema (ex. a stereotype) |
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| realistic group conflict theory |
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| group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources |
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| glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups |
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| goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together |
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| experimental paradigm, researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another |
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| a person's self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs |
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| basking in reflected glory |
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Definition
| tendency to take pride in the accomplishments fo those with whom we are in some way associated (ex. fans identifying with a winning team) |
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Term
| frustration-aggression theory |
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Definition
| frustration leads to aggression |
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Term
| outgroup homogeneity affect |
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Definition
tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for out-groups than ingroups
(They all think, act, and look alike. We don't) |
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Term
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Definition
| acting in a way that tends to produce the very behavior we expected in the first place, as when we act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior we expect from them |
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| erroneous belief about a connection between events, characteristics, or categories that are not in fact related |
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| the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur |
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| explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole |
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| processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control |
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| processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thought |
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| the fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient (important) group of which we are a member |
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| behavior intended to harm another and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility |
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| behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility (ex. to attract attention, to acquire wealth) |
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| internal state that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal |
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| passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes |
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| a culture that is defined by its members' strong concerns about their own and others' reputations, leading to sensitivity to slights and insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong or insult |
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| cultures in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, and as a threat against women so that they will remain subservient to men |
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| evolutionary tendency to look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives together with their offspring so that our genes will survive |
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| unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self |
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| benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others |
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| a motive for helping those in distress that may arise from a need to reduce our own distress |
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| identifying with another person - feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing - accompanied by the intention to help the person in need |
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| helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening; generally reduced as the number of observers increases, as each individual feels that someone else will probably help |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency/dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help |
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| bystanders may do nothing if they are not sure what is happening and don't see anyone else responding |
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| tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives |
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| tendency to help others with the expectation that they are likely to help us in return at some future time |
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| the individual's first move is cooperative and thereafter the individual mimics the other person's behavior (cooperative or competitive) |
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| initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; the effect (positive or negative) of the presence of others on performance |
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| the response you are most likely to make |
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| concern about how we appear in the eyes of others - about being evaluated |
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Term
| distraction-conflict theory |
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Definition
| theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand, it is attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects |
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Definition
| tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored |
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| emergent properties of groups |
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| those behaviors that only surface when people are in groups |
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| reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over people when they are in a large group |
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Definition
| enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, whic generally leads people to act carefully and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values |
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Term
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Definition
| when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values |
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| people's conviction that other people are attending to them (to their appearance/behavior) more than is actually the case |
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| faulty thinking on the part of highly cohesive groups, critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus |
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| tendency to withhold information or opinions in group discussions |
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| tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would |
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| tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals; whatever way individuals are leaning, group discussion tends to make them lean further in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
| when there isn't an objective standard of evaluation, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others |
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Term
Stereotype threat
(Study of women's math test scores) |
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Definition
Condition 1- no gender differences on test
Condition 2- told there was a gender difference in favor of men
Results:
Condition 1- men/women performed same
Condition 2: men performed much better |
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Term
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Definition
-increase arousal, interfere with performance on complex tasks
-elicit negative thinking; obsesses with avoiding failure instead of succeeding
Vulnerability of blacks is dangerous, can result in poor academic performance (a vicious cycle) |
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