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| extent to which the conclusions about the relationships among variables reached on the basis of the data are correct. |
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| a variable that is not controlled in a research investigation. In an experiment, the experimental groups differ on both the independent variable and the confounding variable |
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| the degree to which a measurement device accurately measures the theoretical construct it is designed to measure |
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| an index of how strongly two variables are related to each other |
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| a relationship in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by both increases and decreases in the values of the second variable |
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| the variable that is the subject's response to, and dependent on, the level of the manipulated independent variable |
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| a method of determining whether variables are related, in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable and controls all other variables either by randomization or by direct experimental control |
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| the degree to which the results of an experiment may be generalized |
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| an experiment that is conducted in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory setting |
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| the variable that is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable |
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| the certainty with which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable |
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| negative linear relationship |
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| a relationship in which increases in the value of the first variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the second variable |
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| nonexperimental method (correlational method) |
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| use of measurement of variable to determine whether variable are related to one another. |
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| definition of a concept that specifies the operation used to measure or manipulate the concept |
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| participant (subject) variable |
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| positive linear relationship |
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| a relationship in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable |
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| controlling for the effects of extraneous variables by ensuring that the variables operate in a manner determined entirely by chance |
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| when describing the relationship between two variables, a third variable is any other variable that is extraneous to the two variables of interest. True experiments control for the possible influence of third variables |
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| any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic that varies-that is, has at least two values |
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