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| the individual alone has control over personal behavior |
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| belief that all events are shaped and governed by forces beyond control of individual. (EX. Freud) |
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| objective and systematic method of research in any scientific analysis. Goal: determine if a variable influences a form of social behavior. Vary quantity, see if other variable is impacted. |
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| factor or variable being studied (manipulated by experimenter). I.e. change someone's behavior to see someone elses reaction. |
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| behavior being studied –> involves some measure. I.e. a measure a person's behavior someone. |
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| People who the study is being done on. |
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| goal is to see if two or more variables are related by careful observation of both. |
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| Degree to which the experiment resembles the real world. (Disadvantage of lab experiment) |
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| degree of “generalizability” of the findings to other populations. (Disadvantage to lab experiment) |
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| cues that reveal the hypothesis under your study. (Disadvantage to lab experiment) |
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| participant’s concern about being observed during study. (Disadvantage to lab experiment) |
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| Participants know they're being studied vs. they don't |
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| Advantages of Field Experiments |
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| 1) Can control IV 2) Control behavior |
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ratio of risk to participants vs benefits to society
1 Old view- benefits will outweigh any costs
2 New view (60’s/70’s)- Humane concern of ppl overrides any potential benefit to science |
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ratio of risk to participants vs benefits to society
1 Old view- benefits will outweigh any costs
2 New view (60’s/70’s)- Humane concern of ppl overrides any potential benefit to science |
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Research methods that conceal or mislead participants about “true” aspects of the study. Has to do w/ demand characteristics.
Safeguard w/ informed consent and/or debriefing. |
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| Process through which we seek to know and understand other persons. |
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1 happiness
2 sadness
3 surprise
4 fear
5 anger
6 disgust |
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| Darwin's beliefs on Facial Expression |
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| They're universal and innate. 2 Human facial expressions evolved from animal emotions and expressions. Insanity = primitive stage of emotional development (that's wrong) |
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| Tribal people study w/ facial expressions. • Concluded that for the most part ppl do use similar facial expressions |
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| Micro Momentary Expressions (MME) |
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| brief, contradictory facial expression of emotion. Milliseconds long. Real expression that jumps out for a moment. |
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| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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| Great liars. Criminals. Career: politicians and actors. |
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| Hiding true emotion w/ expression. |
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| cultural rules that dictate the appropriate conditions for displaying emotions |
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| Gestures, movements, postures. |
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| body movements w/ a highly specific meaning in a given culture. |
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| Affective Communication Test (ACT) |
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questions designed to measure (pretty reliable) personal charisma.
Successful professionals score high, especially if working with other ppl
Physicians typically don’t score very high |
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| The cognitive processes ppl use to interpret, analyze and remember social info |
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| The ways in which people explain the behavior of others or themselves with something else. It explores how individuals "attribute" causes to events and how this cognitive perception effects their usefulness in an organization. |
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attribution based on internal characteristics (personality, talent, moods, effort)
Things happen based on personality |
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| attribution based on external factors (luck, govn’t, religion) |
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| generalized beliefs about the control of one’s personal and situational behavior (behavior or others) |
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| Internal Locus of Control (ILOC) |
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| individual assumes personal responsibility for life events. Related to high parental expectations & autonomy (freedom, independence) in childhood |
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| External Locus of Control (ELOC) |
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| person accepts uncontrollable forces that determine life events. ELOC related to restricted, hostile, upbringing. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) |
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tendency to overestimate dispositional (personality based) factors & ignore situational factors.
Ex. someone bumping into you on street. |
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| Actor-Observer Difference |
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tendency to attribute our behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to dispositional causes.
Ex. Coffee being spilled on King at Broncos game |
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Tendency to overestimate commonality of one’s opinions, beliefs, attributions & behavior.
• Ppl ignore consensus info in favor of self-generated attributions -> believe their behavior is “Typical”.
Ex. Politics |
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| tend to look for info that confirms we were right all along about our beliefs and attributions. |
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mental set used to organize information about the social world.
Ex. David RosRosenhan, Stanford University – study “On being sane in insane places” |
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| when a person’s initial expectation about someone leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true. |
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| Belief Perseverance Effect |
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| tendency to cling to initial beliefs even after they have been discredited. |
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Tendency to base beliefs on vivid images or stories (anecdotes) rather than on consensus statistical data.
Ex. ppl think they see Elvis |
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| (Kahneman & Tversky): rule-of-thumb methods that allow us to make quick (although not always accurate) judgments. |
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tendency to base a judgment on the availability of info in memory.
Ex. 9-11 flying example |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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tendency to classify info according to how similar it is to a typical case.
Ex.Basketball players are tall. |
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| process of explaining the causal nature of events |
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