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| the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations. |
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| the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| differences of our languages, customs, and expressive behaviors confirms that much of our behavior is socially programmed, not hardwired. |
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| standards for accepted and expected behavior. Prescribe "proper" behavior. |
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| the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. It's size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us. |
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| no matter the culture, they still act similar sometimes |
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| respect the friend's privacy; make eye contact while talking; don't divulge things said in confidence |
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| the big five are a good indicator of this |
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| high status people talk to other high status people, same for the low status people |
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| almost every culture holds to this thought |
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| cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, fate control |
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| powerful people tend to exploit others |
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| one has to deal with matters according to the specific circumstance |
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| one will succeed if he/she really tries |
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| religious faith contributes to good mental health |
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| fate determines one's success and failures |
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| in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and femaile |
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| the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes |
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| certain traits are determined to be for a man or woman |
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| physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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| looks for secure, financial partner |
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| looks for attractive partner |
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| reinforces male-female stereotypes |
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| a set of behavior expectations for males and females |
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| you do what others around you do |
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| may interact, not competitors |
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| a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment). |
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| Power of the situation and the person |
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A given social situation often affects different people differently.
People often choose their situations.
People often create their situations. |
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| a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure |
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| conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing |
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| acting in accord with a direct order or command |
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| conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure |
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| Sherif's study of norm formation |
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| the apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark |
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| Asch's study of group pressure |
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big groups-non conform
small group-conform
line study |
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| Milgram's obedience experiments |
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| was it ethical to do this study? |
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| distance, legitimacy of authority, institutional authority, liberating effects of group influence |
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| group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, public response, no prior commitment |
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| a "we feeling"; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another. |
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| conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance |
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| conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people. |
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| a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom |
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| change self to empathize with another person |
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| make differences known, but not too many |
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| the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. |
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| central route to persuasion |
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| occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
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| peripheral route to persuasion |
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| occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
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| communicator, message, channel, audience |
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| the one relaying the message |
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| believability. able to be perceived as both expert and trustworthy |
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| a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it |
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| saying things the audience agrees with |
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| perceived trustworthiness |
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| looking client straight in the eye |
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| having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference |
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| people defer to credible expers |
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| people respond more affirmatively to those they like |
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| people allow the example of others to validate how to think, feel, and act. |
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| people feel obliged to repay in kind what they've received |
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| people tend to honor their public commitments |
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| people prize what's less available |
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reason vs. emotion
good feelings vs. arousing fear
discrepancy |
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| does not acknowledge contradictory appeals |
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| more effective if audience is educated about both sides |
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| other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence |
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| information presented last sometimes has the most influence. less common than primacy effects |
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| the way the message is delivered-face to face, in writing, film, or some other way |
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| two-step flow of communication |
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| process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others |
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| the more lifelike the medium, the more effective it is |
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| age,what are they thinking |
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| the motivation to think and analyze. Assessed by agreement with items such as "the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me" and disagreement with items such as "I only think as hard as I have to." |
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group typically characterized by
(1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person
(2)isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture
(3)a charismatic leader |
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| communicator, message, audience |
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| power of group to shape members' views and behavior |
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| strengthening personal commitment, counterarguments |
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| exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available |
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