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Definition
| individuals from one group interact, collectively/individually, with another group/members in terms of group identification |
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Definition
| interaction of individuals of different groups |
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Definition
| interaction of collective groups |
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Definition
| fundamental cognitive process, lumping together of objects and events into meaningful groups -- why? to simplify |
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Definition
| occurs naturally (i.e. mammals give birth) |
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Definition
| classification of individuals based on common attributes (i.e. Guelph student) (examples: gender, ethnicity) |
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Definition
| tendency to exaggerate the difference between two categories |
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Definition
| tend to favour members of own group rather than another group |
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Definition
| PERCEIVED injustice that one has less than they deserve in comparison to others |
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Term
| egotistic relative deprivation |
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Definition
| compare own circumstances to another's from the same group |
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Term
| fraternalistic relative deprivation |
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Definition
| compare group's circumstances to another group |
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Definition
| crucial precondition is relative deprivation |
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Term
| realistic conflict theory |
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Definition
| animosity between groups exists because of people's self-interests and competition (jobs, land, power) |
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Definition
| each group sees their behaviour as caused by actions of the other side |
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| absolute/relative deprivation |
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Definition
| one's resources directly threatened by another group |
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Term
| equal status contact (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| increase interaction between groups |
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Term
| subordinate goals (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| put together on cooperative task |
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Term
| common group identity (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| work together toward common goals |
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Term
| GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction) (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| unilateral and persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation- more likely to reach optimal agreements |
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| bargaining (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
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| mediation (bargaining) (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| neutral third party facilitates communication and offer suggestions |
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| arbitration (bargaining) (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| third party studies both sides and imposes settlement, less satisfaction than mediation |
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| integrative solutions (resolving intergroup conflict) |
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Definition
| all parties better outcomes- separated equally, open communication and understanding, perspective |
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Term
| intergroup relations- COLLECTIVISTIC |
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Definition
| strong distinction between in/out group, dislike and avoid outsiders, engage in intergroup rather than interpersonal |
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| intergroup relations- INDIVIDUALISTIC |
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Definition
| assumed prejudice is bad, attention on personal characteristics instead of group membership, blurred lines between in/out group |
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| intergroup relations- NEUROSCIENCE |
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Definition
| culture and neural processes interwoven- practices restrained by neural processes- collectivistic societies- increase social harmony and encourage social support |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviour and psychological changes that happen when groups of individuals having different cultures comes into continuous first hand contact |
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| linear process (acculturation) |
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Definition
| learn new values/behaviours and lose old ones (assimilation) |
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| cultural pluralism (acculturation) |
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Definition
| maintain heritage and adapt to main-stream society (bi-dimensional) |
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| integration (acculturation) |
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Definition
| maintain own culture, participate in larger society |
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| separation (acculturation) |
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Definition
| maintain own culture, reject larger society |
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| assimilation (acculturation) |
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Definition
| abandon own culture, participate in larger society |
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| marginalization (acculturation) |
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Definition
| either maintain culture or participate in larger society |
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Definition
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Definition
| act to benefit others because we care about their welfare |
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Definition
act to benefit others because in doing so, we benefit ourselves (evolutionary perspective)
majority view: we will help others as long as it doesn't harm us |
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Term
| gaining rewards (3 fundamental forms of egoistic prosocial behaviour) |
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Definition
| kinship selection, reciprocity credit, positive mood |
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| avoid punishment (3 fundamental forms of egoistic prosocial behaviour) |
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Definition
| fines/imprisonment, norm violation |
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| reducing aversive arousal (3 fundamental forms of egoistic prosocial behaviour) |
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Definition
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Definition
| there ARE circumstances that benefitting others is the ultimate goal |
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Term
| empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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Definition
| feeling empathy for a person- leads to altruistic motivation to relieve need |
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Definition
| any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being, who is motivated to avoid such treatment (emotional or hostile) |
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Definition
| aggression to obtain something of value |
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Term
| Freud's death wish (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| to cope with the desire to kill, people need to channel "death" energy-- catharsis: energy build up until release, popular view: "get it off your chest" (can be negative- channelling anger can lead to increased aggression) |
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Term
| aggressive instinct theory (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| act based on instincts and have limited control over actions |
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| death instinct (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| "thanatos"- if we don't express aggression, we experience self harm |
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| hydraulic theory (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| unexpressed emotions build up pressure which must be expressed to relieve pressure |
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| evolutionary perspective (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| warfare originated to obtain valuable resources |
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| amygdala- biochemical/neural (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| associated with aggressive behaviour |
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Term
| testosterone- biochemical/neural (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| associated with aggression, higher in males |
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| serotonin- biochemical/neural (aggression is NATURE) |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter- associated with aggression- low levels=overreact to aversive stimuli |
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Term
| frustration-aggression theory (aggression is NURTURE) |
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Definition
| frustration creates motive to aggress, ALL aggression comes from frustration |
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| catharsis/displacement (F-A theory) (aggression is NURTURE) |
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Definition
| apply aggression to someone else |
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Term
| F-A theory REVISED (aggression is NURTURE) |
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Definition
| situational cues associated with aggression by creating negative feelings- triggers aggression |
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| cognitive neo-association theory (aggression is NURTURE) |
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Definition
| aggression caused by experiencing negative effects (heat, pain, noise, odour) |
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| excitation transfer theory (aggression is NURTURE) |
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Definition
| aggression is influenced by intensity of arousal and type of emotion produced |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on past experiences and current reinforcement and social and cognitive factors |
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Term
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Definition
| individual differences and the situation influence aggression levels |
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Definition
| objectionable, imply ethnocentrism, imply that perceived differences are inborn and unalterable |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs associated with whole group of people based on certain traits |
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Term
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Definition
| negative/hostile feelings about people based on their membership of a particular group |
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Definition
| behaviour directed against people because of their membership of a particular group |
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Definition
| group people based on basis of gender, ethnicity, etc.--- causes stereotyping |
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Term
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Definition
| stereotypes used to justify ungroup's behaviour towards out group- reject social reality, perpetuating existing intergroup relationships |
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Definition
| know what to expect, can cause us to overlook inconsistencies, confirm bias |
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Term
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Definition
| subliminal presentation- motivation and devoting cognitive resources can lead to suppression of stereotyping (difficult) |
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Term
| disconfirming evidence is ignored (stereotyping) |
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Definition
| subtyping: people meet individuals who disconfirm their stereotypes- maintain prior belief by creating separate category |
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Term
| subtle discrimination persists (stereotyping) |
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Definition
| may justify discrimination to avoid appearing prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| people form attitudes based on what those around them think/do- socialization |
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Definition
| underestimate the variability of out-group members compared to the variability of the in-group members |
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Term
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Definition
| greater perceived differentiation and variability within group |
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Term
| social dominance orientation |
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Definition
| personality variable-how much an individual wants his/her in-groups to dominate between groups |
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Term
| realistic group conflict theory |
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Definition
| competition between groups for resources leads to conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| underlying prejudice where people's negative feelings about out-group memberships are not rooted specifically in group memberships but in beliefs about moral values |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone wants to increase self-esteem, favour in-group to increase self esteem- groups need to feel small- unique |
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| increase intergroup contact (reducing intergroup bias) |
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Definition
| cooperation, equal-status participation, active social norms in support of change in attitudes |
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Term
| re-categorization (reducing intergroup bias) |
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Definition
| form new group- cross categorical membership |
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Term
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Definition
| form personalized contacts and de-emphasize rigid group identities- be motivated to know/like member of stereotyped group |
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Term
| collectivistic culture and stereotyping |
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Definition
| show ultimo attribution error less, more in-group favouritism |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic thinking, heuristics (mental shortcuts) versus controlled/effortful thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| how people think about the social world |
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Definition
| decision making shortcuts- rely on instinct instead of objective information |
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Definition
| judgements based on how easily they can bring something to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| impact of past experiences- mental structures that organize our knowledge about the world- influence how we interpret the world- people/events |
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Definition
| beliefs about other people, their traits/goals |
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Definition
| memory, inferences and information about ourselves |
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Definition
| behaviours that are expected, in particular occupations and positions |
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Definition
| scripts for well-known events/how to act |
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Definition
| rules about processing information |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing accountability to a given concept/schema due to a prior experience- can occur at unconscious/subliminal level |
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Definition
| tendency to perceive someone/thing based on its similarity to a typical case |
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Term
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Definition
| error where people ignore numerical frequency/base rate of an event in estimating how likely it is to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| rely on initial starting point in making an estimate- fail to adequately adjust from anchor |
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Definition
| tendency to imagine alternative outcomes to various events |
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Definition
| desire to avoid regret- less likely to act at all, higher self esteem is more likely to counterfactual thinking |
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Definition
| relative difference in intensity between two stimuli and their effect on each other- people are influenced by what they've seen/heard |
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Definition
| the way something is presented- affects how we see daily life situations |
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| implicit personality theory |
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Definition
| certain traits and behaviours go together |
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Term
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Definition
| power of first impressions |
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| primary (impression formation) |
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Definition
| tendency for earlier information to have a greater impact on judgement |
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| accuracy (impression formation) |
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Definition
| can be right in many cases |
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| power of negative traits (impression formation) |
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Definition
| tendency to be more influenced by negative traits |
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Term
| how beliefs create reality |
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Definition
| people see what they expect to see |
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Definition
| tendency to see things in line with their own beliefs/perceptions |
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Definition
| tendency to see correlation where there isn't one |
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Definition
| seeing a positive outcome as more likely |
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Definition
| unrealistic positive view of self |
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Definition
| seeing a given outcome as inevitable |
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Definition
| tendency to maintain (even strengthen) beliefs when confronted with evidence |
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| belief confirmation/self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| expectations elicit behaviour from other people- fulfill preconceived ideas |
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| breaking the cycle of self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
- get to know someone before making assumptions
- if assumptions are highly accurate
- if targets are aware of perceivers expectations |
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Term
| inherent human potential (theories of origin of prejudice) |
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Definition
| ingroup favouritism, natural placement |
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Term
| realistic conflict theory (theories of origin of prejudice) |
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Definition
| dislike people that we compete with |
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Term
| relative deprivation (theories of origin of prejudice) |
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Definition
| when ingroup thinks out group is getting something better |
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Term
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Definition
| targeted to entire groups, preferential treatment for individuals whose groups have suffered discrimination, effectiveness judged by results, not intent |
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Term
| impression management (models of prejudice) |
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Definition
| prejudice not truly reduced, overt expressions replaced with more covert forms |
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Term
| aversive racism (models of prejudice) |
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Definition
| egalitarian views and prejudiced beliefs- alternate between positive and negative behaviours toward members of minority groups depending on situational cues |
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| dissociation model (models of prejudice) |
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Definition
| to understand prejudice, one needs to distinguish between knowledge of stereotypes and endorsement of stereotypes |
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Term
| similarity (relationship factors) |
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Definition
| we are attracted to those who are similar to us |
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| reciprocity (relationship factors) |
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Definition
| we like those who like us |
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Term
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Definition
| the more exposure to stimulus, the more we like it |
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| passionate (what is love?) |
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Definition
| intense, exciting, physical, intense, all-consuming, head-over-heels, first crush, initial relationship stage |
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| compassionate (what is love?) |
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Definition
| stable, calm, dependable, long-term |
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Definition
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| social exchange theory (relationship satisfaction) |
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Definition
| relationship satisfaction determined by costs and benefits |
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| equity theory (relationship satisfaction) |
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Definition
| relationship satisfaction determined by cost:ratio |
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Term
| secure (attachment styles) |
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Definition
| adults- conformable getting close to others, don't worry about becoming dependent on others in a relationship |
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| anxious/ambivalent (attachment styles) |
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Definition
| inconsistent responsiveness, trouble with trust, fear of abandonment |
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| avoidance attachment (attachment styles) |
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Definition
| less interested and invested in relationships, less support, pull away |
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| criticism (4 horsemen of Apocalypse) |
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Definition
| complain about features of the relationship |
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| contempt (4 horsemen of Apocalypse) |
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Definition
| acting sickened/repulsed by partner |
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| defensiveness (4 horsemen of Apocalypse) |
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Definition
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| stonewalling (4 horsemen of Apocalypse) |
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Definition
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Definition
| benefits given with the expectation of receiving benefits in return |
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Definition
| benefits given according to need, demonstrate special concern, cost line |
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Term
| reflection process (improving self esteem) |
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Definition
| bask in someone else's glory |
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Term
| comparison process (improving self esteem) |
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Definition
| look at what you have in comparison to others |
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