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| precipitation, made acidic by air pollution, that destroys plant and animal life |
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| the study of human population |
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| the study of how living organisms interact with the natural environment |
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| a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment |
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| business centers some distance from old downtowns |
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| a pattern of discrimination in which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor people, especially minorities |
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| the incidence of childbearing in a country’s population |
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| the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1000 live births in a given year |
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| the incidence of death in a country’s population |
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| the absence of violent conflict |
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| high-density apartment buildings constructed to house poor people |
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| reusing resources we would otherwise throw away |
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| a slum settlement (sometimes illegal or unauthorized) of impoverished people who live in improvised dwellings made from scrap materials |
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| a program that combines low-income housing with on-site social services |
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| unlawful, typically random acts of violence or the threat of violence by an individual, group, or government to achieve a political goal |
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| deadly conflict that targets both population centers and military targets |
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| unplanned, low-density development at the edge of expanding urban areas |
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| violent conflict between nations or organized groups |
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| Weapons of Mass Destruction - |
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| weapons with the capacity to kill many thousands of people at one time |
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| Urban Life: Structural-Functional |
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In Europe, Tonnies used the concepts of GEMEINSCHAFT (people are closely bound by kinship and tradition) and GESELLSCHAFT (people interact on a basis of self-interest) to contrast these settings
Durkhein developed similar concepts of mechanical solidarity (social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values) and organic solidarity (social bonds based on specialization and mutual interdependence)
In the United States, Wirth set out a theory of urbanism stating that population size, density, and diversity generate impersonality and tolerance |
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| Urban Life: Symbolic-Interaction Approach |
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Georg Simmel explained that cities exposed people to intense stimulation
urbanities have better mental health than people living in rural areas |
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| Urban Life: Social-Conflict Approach |
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| Economic inequality generates very different neighborhoods in cities across the US |
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| Population and Global Inequality: Structural-functional Approach |
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| Modernization theory - maintains that economic development hinges on breaking free of traditional culture patterns to seek material prosperity and adopt advanced technology |
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| Population and Global Inequality: Social-Conflict |
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| World System Theory - claims that global wealth and poverty are the historical products of the capitalist world economy beginning with colonialism and continuing with the operation of multinational corporations |
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| Technology and the Environment: Structural-Functional Approach |
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| In the same way that problems of the environment are created by society, society can adapt to change or correct the environmental problems |
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| Technology and the Environment: Social-Conflict Approach |
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| The poor suffer the most from environmental hazards and this is called environmental racism |
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| War and Terrorism: Structural-Functional Approach |
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| War is a strategy for pursuing political goals and unifies a population |
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| War and Terrorism: Symbolic-Interaction Approach |
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| War and Terrorism: Social-Conflict Approach |
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| Population and Global Inequality: Radical Left |
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| Population and Global Inequality: Liberal |
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| Population and Global Inequality: Conservative |
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| Technology and the Environment: Radical Left |
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| Technology and the Environment: Liberal |
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| Technology and the Environment: Conservative |
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| War and Terrorism: Radical Left |
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| War and Terrorism: Liberal |
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| War and Terrorism: Conservative |
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| Percentage of US Citizens that currently live in cities, historical percentages and changes over time, rise of the great metropolis |
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1776 about 5% of the population lived in cities, 20% in 1800, by 1970 most of the population was urbanized
80% of our population currently lived in an urban area |
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| Residential flight from city to suburbs |
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| because of the baby boom, there was a great need for new housing. prosperity and greater physical mobility which caused people to move away from cities |
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| The impact of post-industrialism on residential patterns |
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| because of post-industrialism, there was less of a need for people to live near big cities where are the factories were located |
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| Metropolis vs Megalopolis |
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megalopolis - vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
metropolis - the mixing of the factories and the growing population |
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| The Urban Housing Act of 1949 - (What did it do?) |
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| marked the beginning of urban renewal, which gave local city governments the right to seize a decaying neighborhood, forcing out the families |
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| Newman’s research on Crime and Public Housing, what are the reasons? |
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| Crime rates in high-rise buildings were much greater than those in low-rise buildings |
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| Segregation vs Hypersegregation |
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| Hypersegregation - entire districts of cities containing only poor African Americans, and these people are cut off by the larger society |
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| Rates of homelessness by city type and size; where more prevalent, less prevalent |
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| In 2007, there were 750,000 people that were homeless |
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| US City Populations, shifts from 1950’s to 2000’s (where were all the large cities, where have they now gone?) |
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| World City Populations, shifts over time. (Where were all the big cities, where are they now; trends, factors, reasons for the transitions) |
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| Enterprise Zones & Tax Incentives |
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| What spawned the population boom of the past 200yrs? Historical/Societal developments... |
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| Contraception and its impact on population growth |
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| Calculating the natural growth rate of a society |
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| High-Income/Industrialized nations and population growth (Increase? Decreases? Contributing factors) |
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| Current birth rates in Europe, US & Canada are roughly what? What do the birth rates suggest? |
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| Malthus & his predictions for human population growth |
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| Population would increase according to what mathematicians call a geometric progression (2,4,6,8,16,32) |
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| Demographic Transition Theory (know the characteristics of the 4 stages) |
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| a thesis linking demographic changes to a society's level of technological development |
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| High Income Nations and world population percentages |
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| world's rich nations benefit from the productivity of advanced technology; 22% of the world's populations |
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| The global distribution of wealth |
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| Absolute vs. Relative Poverty |
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relative poverty - a lack of the resources that most people take for granted
absolute poverty - lack of resources that is life threatening |
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| Slavery (types of, historical changes and developments, slavery totday) |
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chattel - one person owns another person
child slavery - poor families send out their children to hustle on the streets
debt slavery - employers enslave workers of all ages by paying them too little to cover the cost of their debts
servile form of marriage - families marry off women against their will |
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| World System Theory - claims that global wealth and poverty are the historical products of the capitalist world economy beginning with colonialism and continuing with the operation of multinational corporations |
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| Colonialism vs. Neocolonialism |
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| Societal Advancements & their impact on the environment (understand the influence of the “big breakthroughs” and eras of humanity) |
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| The environmental deficit |
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| The logic of growth vs limit of growth |
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| Conspicuous consumption and disposable societies |
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| Global Warming & the Greenhouse Effect, causes and solutions |
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| The problems of declining biodiversity and species extinction |
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| Which wars were the bloodiest in US history (in terms of US deaths, know the top 3) |
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| The motivations/causes/justifications for war |
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| The cold war and the arms race |
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| Nuclear proliferation and the arms race |
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| The military industrial complex |
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US internment camps during World War II
The types of War Crimes and the Geneva Conventions |
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| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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| The demographics of today’s US Armed Forces |
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| State-sponsored terrorism vs. repressive state terrorism |
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