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A point of view that highlights how society affects our personal experiences and choices.
ex. job loss after economic recession |
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| People who live within some territory and share patterns and behaviors |
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| A way of life including widespread culture, beliefs, and behaviors |
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| A condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of society and is usually of public controversy |
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| Social-constructionist approach |
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| Social problems arise as people define conditions as undesirable and in need of change |
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| The process of convincing the public and important public officials that a particular issue should be defined as a social problem |
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| An organized effort that tries to shape the way people think about an issue |
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Major spheres of social life organized to meet a basic human need
ex. economy produces and distributes material goods |
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| Social disorganization theory |
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| Problems arise when society breaks down when changes occur too quickly |
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| Sees society as divided by inequality and conflict |
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| Political movement that seeks social equality between men and women |
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| Symbolic interaction approach |
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| Sees society as the product of individuals interacting with one another |
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| Those who are exposed to trouble and troublesome attitudes learn it from their surroundings |
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| Reality of a situation depends on how people define it. It depends on the person and their personal views |
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| Rules and Expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members |
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| Norms formally created through the societys political systems |
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| Less serious crime punishable by less than one year in prison |
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| More serious crime punishable by at least a year in prison |
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Crimes committed usually by rich people against corporations.
ex. business fraud. insider stock trading, corruption, price fixing. |
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| Violation of the law by young people |
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Illegal activities conducted by people of high social position during the course of their employment.
- individuals in companies committing illegal activities. Not the company. |
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| An illegal act committed by a corporation or a person acting on its behalf |
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| A business that supplies illegal goods and services |
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Offenses that directly harm only the person who commits them.
AKA Public order crimes
ex. prostitution, gambling, public drunkeness |
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| Violence carried out by the government representatives under the law |
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| Anti institutional violence |
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Violence directed against the government in violation of the law
ex. 9/11, acts on terrorism |
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| The intentional unlawful killing of four or more people at one time |
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| Killing of several people by one offender over a period of time |
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| Groups of young people who identify with one another and a particular territory |
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| Society's use of due process involving police, courts, and punishment to enforce laws |
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| A negotiation in which state reduces a defendents charge in exchange for a guilty plea |
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Moral vengeance by which society inflicts on the offender comparable to that the offender committed
ex. an eye for an eye |
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| Using punishments to discourage crime |
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| Reforming an offender to prevent future offenses |
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| Protecting society by use of incarceration or execution to prevent offender from committing more crimes |
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| Later offenses committed by people who have previously committed crimes |
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| Community based corrections |
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| Correctional programs that take place in society instead of behind prison walls |
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| Defines legal rights and relationships of individuals and businesses |
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| Everyone's responsibility to uphold public order |
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| Crimes that involve theft of someone else's property |
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| Crimes that involve violence or threat of violence against others |
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| Falling since 1993, same as it was in 1960s |
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| Involves threatening and stealing the person |
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1) Affirms societys norms and values- cannot have good without recognizing the bad
2) Clarifies boundary between right and wrong- difference between conventional behavior and behavior that will not be tolerated.
3) Brings people together- shared sense of outrage
4) Encourages social change- alternatives to status quo |
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| Steps in order to create social problems |
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1) Create controversy
2) Convince others the situation is unacceptable
3) What changes need to be made
4) Why those changes are needed |
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| 4 Stages of social movement |
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1) Emergence- Initial people come together to share concerns and begin claims about social change
2) Coalescence- A new organization begins holding rallies and demonstrations and engaging in political lobbying
3) Formalization- They have trained staff and has strong media presence. Message has been adopted political parties
4) Decline- No guarantee of continuation |
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| 8 Assertions sociologists make |
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1) Social problems result from how society operates
2) Social problems are not caused by bad people
3) People see problems differently
4) Problems are socially constructed as people define conditions harmful
5) Definitions of problems change over time
6) Many problems can be solved
7) Problems involve subjective values and objective facts
8) Social problems are interrelated |
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1) Health
2) Security (material and psychological)
3) Material well being
4) Relationships (family and friends) |
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When reduces or creating a solution causes another problem or a side effect that might be a problem
ex. making acquiring license harder will create less vehicle accidents but then more people will have no transportation |
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