Term
| Characteristics of a minority group |
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Definition
share cultural or physical characteristics
denied equal access to power/resources
fewer rights, privileges, opportunities |
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Term
| Sociological definition of race |
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Definition
biological group with genetic traits defined as important
social category = race |
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Term
| Definition of an Ethnic Group |
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Definition
share common history + cultural heritage
+ belongingness |
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Term
| Prejudice vs Discimination |
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Definition
Prejudice: attitude
discimination: behavior |
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Term
| 3 Social sources of discimination |
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Definition
1. Ethnocentricism
2. Competition for resources - split labor market (2 groups of workers, doing same work, but one works for lower wage)
3.Socialization |
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Term
| 3 Psychological sources of discrimination |
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Definition
1. Stereotypes - categories to simplify things
2. Frustration because cannot achieve goals
3. Skapegoat |
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Term
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Definition
| ranking of a society into a hierarchy - uneven distribution of resources |
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Term
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Definition
deprivation
compared to some other standards
-how many resources people have and why they failed to reach a higher economic level
for a family of 4, $20,000 poverty line |
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Term
| relative definition of poverty |
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Definition
deprivation, compared to some other standard
ex: other people in US |
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Term
| When will the stratification system find it difficult to motivate people to perform their social duties? |
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Definition
| Some positions require scarce talents and abilities = lack of people to fill these jobs |
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Term
| According to Herbert Gans, how do the poor subsidize the activities of the affluent? (5) |
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Definition
1. ensures that dirty work is done
2. poor people work for low wages
3. creates jobs for all those people who serve the poor
4. creates a market for inferior goods
5. lets everyone else know where they stand in the hierarchy, because the poor are at the bottom |
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Term
| definition of social mobility |
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Definition
| movement of people from one social position to another in the stratification hierarchy |
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Term
| According to the cultural definition of poverty, who would be identified among the poor toward whom poverty programs should be directed |
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Definition
People who are considered for poverty
programs are unwillingly poor and permanently poor (unlike college
students who may be temporarily poor). |
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Term
| What is the “blame the victim stance”? |
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Definition
Interactionist
poor people are blamed for their own difficulties by arguing that poverty is due to their character flaws and lack of effort |
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Term
| How did William J. Wilson attribute to the emergence of a group of entrenched, long-term poor people in the United States |
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Definition
| Structural conflicts led to UNDERCLASS and relocation of industry |
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Term
| According to Leslie Dunbar, what came out of his interviews with poverty stricken people? |
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Definition
| poor value many of the same things that we do(ambition, self-reliance, and family life). most want to support themselves, but can't because of bad luck or cirtumstances. |
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Term
| Definition of Ethnocentricism, according to functionalist perspective |
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Definition
| tendency to view one's own group or culture as an in-group that follows the best and the only proper way to live. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 groups of workers, doing same work, but one works for lower wage |
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Term
| Definition: institutionalized discrimination |
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Definition
Discrimination is built into the institution itself - policies, etc.
Not necessarily related to individual's prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| generalization made about a particular group of people |
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Term
| What are the consequences of DISCRIMINATION? |
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Definition
1. Forces some groups into a disadvantageous positions in the hierarchy, adversely affecting life chances.
ex: Higher rates of illness, injury, and death for minorities. Deprived of resources, leads to violence and resentment.
2. Effects peoples' views of themselves. Powerless and at the bottom of society. lower self-esteem
3. Generates cynicism due to political and economic institutions. People may lose faith in the system's core values. |
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Term
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Definition
| annihilation of an entire group |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs and values of many different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs and values of many different cultures |
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Term
| According to William J. Wilson, what is more important in determining the position of blacks in the United States today? |
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Definition
class is more important...
problem lies in existence of groups of poor, marginally skilled african americans who have little opportunity to obtain education and skills. |
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Term
| Unprejudiced Discriminator vs Prejudiced Discriminator |
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Definition
Unprejudiced discriminator: have no prejudices of their own, but discriminate when it is convenient for them. decisions based on other peoples' prejudices
Prejudiced Discriminator: Has own prejudice views, discriminates |
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Term
| Prejudiced Nondiscriminator vs Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator |
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Definition
Prejudiced Nondiscriminator: "closet bigot" - does not act on prejudice views
Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator: accepts other racial and ethnic groups |
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Term
| Gender Stratification: Functionalist Perspective |
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Definition
1. Task allocation - practicality and convenience
-more convenient to have men/women do certain things (ex: hunting-gone for long periods of time, not practical for pregnant women) |
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Term
| Functionalist perspective: Sex roles |
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Definition
Instrumental tasks: goal-oriented activities (hunting, building something, or managing a work team). given to MEN
Expressive tasks: Focus on the relationships between people- maintaining happiness, harmony, and emotional stability. Given to WOMEN |
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Term
| Conflict perspective: gender inequality |
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Definition
| competing, battle of the sexes, domination |
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Term
| 30. From the conflict perspective, when does gender inequality become a social problem? |
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Definition
| when females realizes it is being exploited and that something can be done about it. women realize that sexual inequality is caused by male domination, not biology |
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Term
| Interactionist perspective: Gender inequality |
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Definition
-human beings relate to one another on the basis of symbols that have social meaning within a given culture or society
-most important symbol system = language
-words "he" and "his" maintains male dominance |
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Term
| 32. Know what has been concluded from recent investigations in the ORDER in which people speak in mixed sex groups (interactionist) |
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Definition
| Men initiate more conversation and receive more interaction than women, men interrupt more |
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Term
| According to the interactionist perspective, when does gender inequality become a social problem? |
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Definition
| becomes a problem when there is a lack of consensus and a lack of shared expectations about the roles of men and women in society |
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Term
Definition: Gender
Gender terms? |
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Definition
Gender: learned behavior involving how we are expected to act as males and females in society
terms: Masculine and feminime |
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Term
Definition: Sex
Terms for sex... |
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Definition
Definition: biological role that each of us plays, such as in reproduction
terms: male and female |
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Term
| family as an agency of socialization |
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Definition
fathers are rougher with boys, gentler with girls
speak more softly to girls
gender stereotyping |
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Term
| sexist treatment in schools |
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Definition
-children see men in positions of authority
-female teachers are more likely to encourage independence and assertion in boys than in girls
-teachers also provide less attention to girls and reward girls for conforming behavior and male students for aggression |
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Term
| gender inequality involving males |
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Definition
myth of masculinity: men are supposed to be strong, dominant, tough, unemotional, etc.
-limiting, because men that who enter unconventional male roles are considered weirdos (jobs)
-laws in some states that men can't swear in front of females.
-insurance companies charge more to younger males |
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Term
| Definition: Feminist movement |
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Definition
| collective activities of individuals, groups, and organizations whose goals is the fair and equal treatment of women and men around the world |
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Term
| Definition: comparable worth |
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Definition
| Concept that jobs which require comparable abilities, knowledge, and skills, should be paid the same wage/salary rate irrespective of the employee's age, race, sex or any other difference. |
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Term
| Definition: hostile environment |
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Definition
| repeated sexual advances, disturbing to woman and create an environment that makes work difficult |
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Term
| functionalist perspective on age and social structure |
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Definition
-stages of the life course are intimately related to the social needs of particular societies (therefore, they differ from each society)
ex: preindustrial societies: people usually learn how to fill adult positions fairly early in life
-Industrial societies: need a highly educated and well-trained work force |
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Term
| According to functionalist perspective, when is treatment of young and old a social problem? |
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Definition
-when it is inconsistent with their capabilities and development
can lead to social disorganization
ex: Forced retirement can lead to depression and alcoholism
---societies need to provide appropriate statuses for people at every stage of life |
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Term
| Conflict perspective: position of age groups and how it’s determined |
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Definition
-in preindustrial societies, old people had all of the power b/c they controlled resources. people learned trades from their parents
-in industrial societies: people are not as heavily depending on their parents to make a living. family ties have become less important. elderly no longer have positions of power
-position of any age group in society is determined by the resources that they have access to |
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Term
| Definition: Dependency ratio |
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Definition
| shows the relative size of the group in out society that is economically dependent for support on others who are working |
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Term
| What difficulties to children experience, if they grow up in single-parent homes? Why? |
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Definition
-strong emotional problems
-do less well in school
-are more prone to delinquency and other kinds of behavioral problems
----Why?
-low income
-inadequate parental guidance
-less access to community resources |
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Term
| sources of homophobia and anti-gay violence |
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Definition
-Western christian ideology: defines homosexuality as a sin
-People think that homosexuality is a threat to the family or to the reproductive potential of society
-Freud: Sees homosexualiy as being an immature and underdeveloped form of adult sexuality
-Most of homophobes are young men - they participate in activities that show their dominance, bravery, etc.
-Homophobia is associated with rigid and deep-seated negative feelings about human sexuality where sex is seen as "dirty" and a threat to the social order
-AIDs crisis - people are uninformed |
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Term
| 49. From the conflict perspective, what is the social problem concerning homosexuality |
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Definition
-people of the same sex cannot reproduce...therefore, eliminates 2 possible mates that could reproduce.
-competition of mates |
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