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| exists when an influential group defines a social condition as threatening its values; when a condition affects a large number of people; and when the condition can be remedied by collective action |
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has significant impact on public debate and social policy.
ex: groups opposing discrimination against women in employment |
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people's ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong
guidelines for choosing goals + judging behaviors |
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| 4 conditions that can play a role in the emergence of social problems |
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1. Deviation from group values and norms
2. Decline in effectiveness of social institutions
3. extensive social and cultural diversity
4. Exercise of power |
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| rules of conduct that guide people's behavior |
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| behavior that violates important group norms, related to social disapproval |
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| relatively stable clusters of social relationships that involve people working together to meet some basic needs of society |
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group within aculture thatr shares some of the beliefs, values, norms of the larger culture but also has some that are distinctly its own
ex: amish |
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| the tendence to view one's own culture to judge others |
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| ability of one group to realize its will, even in the face of resistance from other groups |
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| legitimate power that is obeyed because people believe it is right and proper that they obey |
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| ability to understand the realtionship between what is happening in people's personal lives and the social forces that surround them |
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set of statements that explains the relationship between phenomena
tell us why something occurred |
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| general views of society that provide some fundamental assumptions about the nature and operation of society and commonly serve as sources of more specific theories |
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| focus on large groups and social institutions and on society as a whole |
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| concentrates on the intimate level of everyday interactions between people |
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intended consequences of some action or social process and refer to what people expect to result
Manifest functions of colleges is to provide people with specialized training. |
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Latent functions: consequences that are unexpected or unintended
ex: latent function of college is a marriage market, reduced unemployment |
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| may disrupt social equilibrium rather than contribute to it |
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idea that society consists of different groups who struggle with one another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered valuable/
KARL MARX: battle of classes |
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| Functionalist perspective |
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| Interrelated, manifest vs latent functions, dysfunctional |
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| Interactionist perspective |
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focuses on indiv social interaction
symbols, definition of situation |
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| group whose members share distinct and common concerns and who benefit from similar social policies and practices |
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a group that benefits from present policies, practices, and social arrangements
resists social changes that might threaten their privileges |
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| Definition of the situation |
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| people's interpretations and perceptions of what is important in a situation and what actions are appropriate |
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| agreements in society over who has the right to exercise control over others, wo can establish laws to regulate soial life, and how conflicting interests in society will be resolved |
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| processes through which goods and services are produced and distributed |
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| determine who gets what, when, and how |
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| 19. What is the major problem to be concerned about regarding economic and political institutions? |
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ABUSE OF POWER
exercise of power in ways that work against the interests of substantial numbers of less powerful people and result in their exploitation |
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| based on the exchange of money for goods and services in the marketplace |
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1. the means of economic production and distribution are privately held
2. The profit motive is the primary force guiding people's economic behavior
3. There is free competition among both producers and consumers of goods |
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| Economies in which the means of production and distribution are collectively held so that the goods and services that people need are provided and equitably distributed |
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| In capitalism, production is based on... |
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economic demand
goods and services provided if people can afford to purchase them |
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| 4 characteristics of Communism? |
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1. All goods are communally owned
2. people don't work for wages, but rather give according to abilities
3. there is no scarcity of goods and services, allowing people to receive whatever they need
4. State becomes less important |
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| Definition of: Mixed economy |
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-commonly found in England and Western Europe
-strong elements of capitalism and socialism |
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| Characteristics of a MIXED ECONOMY |
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1. most industry is privately owned and oriented toward profit making
2.competitive market economy
3. demand determines how much is being produced
may be state owned |
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| business that is owned by stock owners |
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| key problem is with the concentration of political and economic power is, according to the functionalist perspective |
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- concentrated power in monopolies, competition and free enterprise are limited
-inconsistency between cultural values and political and economic reality |
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| According to the “power elite model”, what is true about the exercise of power in the United States |
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-small group of powerful people who make all important decisions in US
-cohesive group, coinciding interests |
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| What does the “pluralist” view of power argue? |
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power is spread over a large number of groups with divergent values, interests, and goals
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| corporate involvement in the media |
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media reflects values. if few corporations monitor media, then wont learn about certain things
if there's a market, create for a profit |
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| Know how the family is best defined |
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| social institution based on kinship that functions to replace members of society and to nurture them |
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1. regulation of sexual behavior and reproduction
2. socialization and education
3. status conferral
4. economic activity
5. protection
6. affection and companionship |
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| functionalist perspective on the family |
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families are changing.
-unmarried women are having children
-positions in jobs are determined more by achievement than family
- people work outside of the home now
---less central families, less tradition. more nuclear families |
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| family in industrial societies |
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geographic mobility
weakens kinship ties in nuclear families
achievement rather than ascription |
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| family, from the conflict perspective |
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family serves the interests of the dominant groups in society, no reason to assume that a single form of family would benefit everyone
-authority: patriarchical
-family can contribute to social economic inequality, because inheritence is based on kinship |
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