Term
| What is the FOCUS of social movements? |
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Definition
- inequality/redistribution of social goods
- problematization of inequality, ideologies |
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Term
| FOCUS: What are ideologies and what do they provide? |
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Definition
- ideologies tell us what our values are and ways of justifying why these things are valuable to us
- rationalization: provides an explanation of why it is good and why we should enjoy it |
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Term
| Dominant Ideology/Counter-ideology |
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Definition
- Dominant Ideology: tends to represent the elites of society
- Counter Ideology: counters the dominant ideology
*ideological conflict*
- social movements challenge the system and power of society in both a material and ideological sense. |
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Term
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Definition
- things we value
- Public goods: collectively shared and consumed
- Private goods: can be owned and consumed by ourselves |
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Term
| MEMBERSHIP of social movements |
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Definition
- non-elite - people who have little or no control over economic, symbolic, political, or military resources
- socially diverse - diverse social identity, however this is limited by a common interest usually based on social background/experience |
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Term
| How do social movements differ from interest groups? |
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Definition
| - social movements have a diverse membership, which distinguishes them from interest groups, which all share a common identity |
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Term
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Definition
- bringing about social change and making the world a better place according to its members
- achieve social change
- the basic goal of social movements is to bring about change |
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Term
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Definition
- collective action based on voluntary co-operation
- collective action gives you more power to change things
- rely on collective action that is based on voluntary basis |
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Term
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Definition
- collective action is normally targeted at powerful institutions who are seen as responsible for causes problems and/or failing to resolve them
- may provoke a reaction by those opposed to their values, goals, and/or means
- when this occurs, counter-movements arise |
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Term
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Definition
- it is important for social movements to find allies
- social movements will find other social movements to join with, not only to increase power and promote their cause, but also to reduce the threats and the risks that the elites and the counter-social movements can pose to them |
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Term
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Definition
| - focussed primarily on motivation and tended to see social movements as an irrational response to the breakdown of social control, norms, and common values (i.e. a response to anomie) |
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Term
| Breakdown Approach: Relative Deprivation Theory -> looks at individuals |
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Definition
- claims that radical social movements result from people's subjective feelings of fear and frustration
- 1st phase: economic and social progress. More goods become available, the rights of citizens expand leading to a rise in expectations
- 2nd phase: sharp reversal. Food becomes scarce and rising expectations are not met.
- gap between what people are used to and the new reality |
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Term
Breakdown Approach: Relative Deprivation Theory
- How do people compare themselves to others? |
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Definition
Two ways:
- compare themselves now where the situation is in crisis and to themselves in the past when things were good (you feed deprived, you have lost something)
- compare themselves to others as some people are affected more than other |
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Term
| Breakdown Approach: Systemic Theory -> looks at society as a whole |
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Definition
- views society as a set of interrelated elements that work together to maintain stability
- social movements reflect the breakdown of stability, but do not form unless 6 conditions are met
- what social structure plays in generating these feelings.
- related to anomie: arises when our values and norms no longer fit with reality and it no longer corresponds with how we think things should be |
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Term
Breakdown Approach: Systemic Theory
-Structure conductiveness |
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Definition
- for social movements to come together you need contact with others
(eg. urban area - discontent is easier to come together and be collective as there is more contact)
- conditions have to allow social movements and protests to arise |
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Term
Breakdown Approach: Systemic Theory
- Counter-ideology |
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Definition
- your feelings about things, why you are feeling discontent about things
- takes the discontent and gives it social meaning
- you may feel discontent but you need to put it into words and give it meaning
- connect to other people's discontent |
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Term
| Resource Mobilization Approach |
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Definition
- viewed social movements like any other form of organized social group as a rational way of achieve goals
- emphasis on the means social movements use to achieve their goals
- power to acquire resources such as money, organization, publicity, and members is central to resource mobilization analysis
- power: having the ability to carry out one's wishs
- searches for the social conditions that affect social movements control over resources, and focuses on the strategies that translate power into success |
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Term
Resource Mobilization Approach
- Three sources of power |
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Definition
1) Economic Power - control over the means of production (eg. land, energy)
2) Political Power - control over the legitimate means of violence (eg. Police)
3) Ideological Values - control over the means of producing and dissiminating symbols (eg. churches, newpapers, radio, TV) |
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Term
| Resource Mobilization Approach: Utilitarian Perspective |
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Definition
- how individuals promote their own interests
- studies the relationship between social movements and how rewards motivate social movement entrepreneurs |
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Term
| Resource Mobilization Approach: Poltical Conflict Perspective |
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Definition
- examines the relationship between movements and collective interests
- tries to explain the origins of class solidarity
- searches for factors that determin the success and failure of class-based movements
- State is a key factor: its dominantion and influence over social relations
- power rooted in the state monopoly over the legitimate use of violence |
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Term
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Definition
- focuses primarily on the cultural dimensions of social movements (ie, the way they create new social identities, meanings, and understanding of social reality)
- only when social movements provide people with identities and meanings do the latter become motivated to pursue their grievances and engage in the mobilization of resources |
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Term
| Identity-based Approach: New Social Movements |
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Definition
- used to understand "new" social movements orientated towards changing cultural norms and values and challenging stigmatization (eg. gay and lesbian rights movement)
- NSM emphasize values concerning life-style choices and rights, personal autonomy, self-determinination, and social recognition for those with different identities
NSM - proposes that social movements can be laboratories for more progressive forms of social interaction (the process by which people act and reach in relationships with others)
- NSM are distinctive forms of collective action due to value shift
- Older social movements concerned primarily with redistribution of social goods, NSM are concern primarily with cultural recognition -> trying to legitimate their subcultural practices by the already legitimate dominant culture |
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Term
| Political Process Approach |
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Definition
- focuses on the interaction between structural or institutional constraints and opportunities and how this interaction facilitates or inhibits the development and success of social movements
- closed politcal systems: usually react to social movements with coercion if they are seen as threatening
- open political systems: other factors shape the balance of opportunities and constraints |
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Term
Political Process Approach
- elite concensus
- grievance concentration
- Frame aligment |
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Definition
- the degree of elite consensus: the greater the solidarity between the elites in society, the more difficult it is for social movements to bring about change
- grievance concentration: defining collective grievances in a clear, focused, concerete way often improves the changes of success
- leaving grievances vague weakens a movement's ability to exploit the opportunity structure
- frame alignment: better able to influence the political process if they frame their goals in a way that resonates with broader social values and understandings |
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Term
Political Process Approach
- Three aspects of frame aligment |
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Definition
- diagnostic framing: defining what the problem is, who is adversely affected (the victims) and how, and who is responsible for causing the problem. Emphasizes what might happen in the future
- prognostic framing: defining what the solutions are and assigning responsibility for putting the solutions in place. Involves assigning responsibility to powerful institutions who have the power and resources to act effectively. Rationalizing the costs of the solving problem, and deflecting criticism from those who are being held responsible or counter-movement opponents
- Motivation framing: reinforcing and encouraging participation in the movement. Means framing one's message to members. Negotiate appeals based on emotion and on interests. |
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