Term
| What is Social Psychology |
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Definition
| - the study of how living amoung others influences thought, feeling, and behavior |
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Term
| What books deal with social psychology? |
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Definition
Malcom Bradwall writes about social psychology
Freakanomics deals with it too. |
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Term
| example of social psychology within your brain? |
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Definition
Thinking that someone is watching”
Alter your behavior, “be on your best behavior”
• Our own perceptions, even if they’re not watching us.
Almost subconscious, we’re not aware. |
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Term
| What is Social Facilitation? Who came up with it? |
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Definition
the phenomoneon in which the presence of others improves ones performance.
Triplet |
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Term
| How did triplet find social faciliation? When does it usually happen? |
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Definition
o Triplet rode his bike faster when he was around others.
o Did an experiment w/children and reeling in a fishing rod.
o *Usually happens w/things that come easy to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to relax standards and slack off. |
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Term
| example of social loafing- |
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Definition
| o Group projects- you’ll only give 25% instead of the 100% you’d give if you were doing it by yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which on lives.
o Unsaid rules: cutting in lines, taking food from others carts. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Conformity- tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture. |
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Term
| What is an example of the power of conformity? |
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Definition
| o Video to demonstrate power of conformity: Guy in elevator starts turning around when everyone else turns around. |
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Term
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Definition
informational social influence
normative social influence |
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Term
| what is Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| conformity to the behavior of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what we are supposed to do |
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Term
| what is an example of informational social influence? |
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Definition
| going to the dr/ RA for advice |
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Term
| What is Normative social influence- |
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Definition
| conformity to the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them. |
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Term
| example of Normative social influence |
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Definition
| Peer pressure, don’t want to stand out. Trying to fit in. |
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Term
| who's experiment distinguished between 2 types of conformity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the asch experiment? |
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Definition
distingushed between 2 types of conformity. Sat participants down and showed picture of lines. At first everyone said the correct ones, but then they started saying different than the correct answer to see if the real participant would be pressured into saying the wrong one.
• People Went w/the wrong one for different reasons.
• Avoid disagreement, disregard judgement- so many other people saying it must be right (informational social influence) |
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Term
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Definition
situation in which the thinking of the group takes over.
• Involves loss of logical/critical analysis in reaching decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
invaded Iraq bc we believed they had weapons of mass destruction. People didn’t want this but they didnt speak up.
• Happens in Juries. |
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Term
| what is minority social influence? |
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Definition
| one or a small number of individuals can shape a group’s decision. |
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Term
| movie example of minority social influence? |
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Definition
| • 12 angry men movie. Starts with just one person not seeing the evidence adding up and slowly changes the minds of the jury. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of a conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person. (alot of times its an authority figure). |
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Term
| experiments done w/ obedience? |
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Definition
• Milgram 1963- Why did so many Germans take the orders of Hitler. Most were just following directions of authority figures. Administered electric shock w/wrong answers. 2/3 of people went all the way.
• Zimbardo 1971- Stanford prison study. Prison Guards beat the prisoners. Just by putting on the uniform, you play the role. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inferences made about the causes of others people behavior. |
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Term
| what are the types of attribution? |
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Definition
• Dispositional attritubutions- internal. when you fail a test, internally you’ll say that you didn’t study enough, lazy
• Situational attributions- outside forces: class is boring, teacher is horrible. |
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Term
| what is self serving bias? |
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Definition
tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes.
• Success is internal, failure is external causes |
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Term
| what is fundamental attribution error? |
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Definition
the tendency to explain other’s behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms.
• Failures and successes of others is based just on their internal |
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Term
| exaplain detecting deception? |
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Definition
• Most people perform no between than chance at predicting if someone is lying to them.
• Nonverbal information is more important for detecting deception. |
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Term
| whats a schema? what does it affect? |
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Definition
mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events.
• Affect how we view social world. |
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Term
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Definition
schemas of how people are likely to behave based on the groups they belong to.
• We have to actively try to stop stereotype, stereotyping takes less effort. |
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Term
| what is ingroup/outgroup bias? |
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Definition
| tendency to show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group and negative feelings toward those in other groups. WSU vs UW. |
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Term
| what is Out-group homogeneity- |
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Definition
| tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| abiased attitude toward a group of people or individual members of a group based on unfair generalizations about what group members are like |
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Term
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Definition
| preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. Driven by prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| an individuals favorable or unfavorable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, person, or thing |
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Term
| what is the affective component |
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Definition
• Affective component- feelings or emotions associated w/ situation.
• Prejudice |
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Term
| what is the cognitive component? |
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Definition
• Cognitive component- rational thoughts, facts, knowledge
• Stereotypes |
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Term
| What is the behavioral component? |
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Definition
• Behavioral component- Our actions
• Discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| o Attitude change occurs mostly due to cognitive dissonance and persuasion. |
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Term
| what is cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
| the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a person’s conception of her/himself as a reasonable and sensible person. |
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Term
| what are the responses to dissonance? |
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Definition
o 1. Change our behavior
o 2. Justify our behavior by changing our cognitions
o 3. Add new cognitions that are consistent with the behavior |
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Term
| Responses to dissonance Example: Smoking is bad, we know this, what can we do about it? 3 options |
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Definition
• 1st change behavior: stop smoking
• 2nd justify our behavior by changing our cognitions: saying smoking research isn’t conclusive, You change your thinking by saying smoking isn’t that bad
• 3rd add new cognitions: add excuses(not changing that you know its bad), you know smoking is bad but you also say I’m young enough to stop when i’m older, nothing bad will happen to me. At least its not as bad as herione |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument |
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Term
| Success of persuasion depends on? |
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Definition
• 1. Source-The person trying to persuade you. Persuasiveness, depends on:
o trustworthiness, prestige, likeableness, attractiveness, familiarity
• 2. Method- stratedgy person uses to convey the message
o Fear is a really great technique (if you smoke you will die)
o Statistics don’t work
• 3. Audience the people that are more knowledge are less likely to change their attitudes and beliefs. |
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Term
| what is prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
| any action that is beneficial to others. Sometimes occurs at great personal costs/dangerous. |
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Term
| example of prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
Wesley Autrey and the NYC subway, 2007.
• Wesley was waiting for subway in the morning, saw a young man starting to convulsing and collapses and falls on to the tracks of the subway. Wesley jumps down to block the subway from hitting him. They both didnt get hit. |
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Term
| what is the bystander effect? |
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Definition
| the greater number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely anyone is to help. |
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Term
| example of bystander effect? |
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Definition
| Kitty Genovese in NYC 1963, got stabbed, people watch and nobody does anything many people were watching |
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Term
| what is diffusion of responsibility? |
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Definition
| personal sense of responsibility decreases when there are others present. |
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Term
| what are the factors influencing prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
o Many factors influence whether we help another person or not.
• Include:
• Situational factors
• Emotional factors
• Personality
• Morality and Motivation |
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Term
| What are situational factors influencing prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
•Attractiveness- how attractive a person is will influence our behavior toward them
• Similarity- similar to us (someone is in a business suit and we’re headed to work, we’re likely to help them. Homeless lady helped homeless man)
• Who is to blame for the problem*
• Someone’s having a heart attack in a restaurant vs someone on the ground w/ a bottle of beer.
• Social Modeling |
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Term
| what is social modeling? example |
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Definition
•If others are helping we’re more likely to help.
Video Clip: What would you do clip in restaurant. Boy has autism, actor yells at family to calm boy down, One person steps up and says shut your mouth, rest of restaurant steps in. |
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Term
| What are the emotional factors influencing prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
•Positive State: (Good Mood)
•Usually, More willing to help
•Can also misinterpret the severity of the situation
oBliss -> Ignorance?
•We’re in such a great mood we don’t realize other people are in distress.
•Negative State: (Bad mood)
•Usually, Less willing to help
•If the act relieves those negative emotions, helping increases |
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Term
| what are personality facotrs influening prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
•Machiavellianism- social manipulation that benefits the individual
•Less likely to help
•Empathy- a feeling of closeness or connectedness to others (relate to others).
•More likely to help |
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Term
| what are morality/motivational factors influening prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
•Self-interest- motivation is toward behavior that supplies the greatest personal satisfaction
•Moral integrity- motivation to be moral
•Focus on goodness and fairness
•May sacrifice self-interest
•Moral hypocrisy- motivation to appear moral while avoiding the costs of doing so. |
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Term
| what is altruism? classic example? |
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Definition
selfless attitudes and behavior toward others.
oWesley Autrey train track is classic example |
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Term
| evolutionists try to explain how altruism is- |
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Definition
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Term
| No true altruism, as far as evolution goes, altruism can be explained as: |
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Definition
•Kin selection-
•Reciprocal altruism-
•Social Exchange theory- |
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Term
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Definition
we tend to sacrifice ourselves to save the genes of our family and make sure our genes are past down.
o Give family food and shelter |
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Term
| what is reciprocal altruism? |
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Definition
i scratch your back, you scratch mine.
o Provide family w/food and shelter one winter, just in case next winter I needed the same thing |
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Term
| what is social exchange theory? |
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Definition
idea that we help others after we weigh out the costs/benifits.
o Wesley Autrey didn’t want his daughters to see the man die on the tracks, so he was helping others (daughters/kin) so they wouldn’t see him. |
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Term
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Definition
| •Empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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Term
| what is the • Empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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Definition
•Empathy-altruism hypothesis- helping another occurs bc of the empathy felt for the person in need.
• 2 reasons for empathy:
o Egotistic Motivation- reward decreases our own distress
o Empathetic Motivation- reduce distress of person in need |
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Term
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Definition
| violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm (or both) to another being. |
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Term
| agression does not include: |
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Definition
•Violence toward self
•Violence toward an object
•Unintentional violence. |
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Term
| what are the types of aggression? |
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Definition
•Hostile aggression- impulsive (not planned), with a goal to hurt
•Associated with negative emotions
•Instrumental aggression- planned, goal-driven, and often tactical.
•“Sweet Revenge” |
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Term
| 3 brain areas involved in aggression and 2 hormones? Explain hormone levels to aggresion levels |
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Definition
•3 Brain areas implicated:
•Hypothalamus
•Amygdala
•Prefontal Cortex
•2 Hormones involved:
•Testosterone – high levels increase aggressivenss
oThose convicted of violent crimes have increase testosterone than those of non violent crime.
•Serotonin – low levels increase aggressiveness |
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Term
| what is the case study that helped match areas of the brain to aggression? |
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Definition
| •Mark Loravus assaulted and almost killed his gf 2.5 years daughters. He’s a level headed guy, he snapped, he doesn’t know why, can’t believe it, Doctors saw tumor inside his brain, he was depressed, having more an dmore outbursts, hard to control outbursts, Dr.’s took CAT scans, tumor was pressed against amygadala and hypothalamus. After tumor was removed he felt much better. CASE STUDY HELPED FIGURED OUT AGGRESSION. |
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Term
| what are the individual differences in aggression? What leads to aggression? |
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Definition
•Genetic:
•Being Male
oTestosterone may mediate this relationship
•Having a psychological disorder
•Environment:
•Growing up in an abusive or neglectful household
•Having experienced an injury to the head.
oAlot of murderes have damage to amygdala
•None of these alone will lead a person to harm or kill another, its a combination of all of it. |
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Term
| Research shows that people with similar ideas, values, and interests are more likelt to - |
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Definition
| like one another and have long-lasting relationships |
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Term
| Who looked at dorm mate relationships to see who had longest relationships after college |
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Definition
| •Keller, thiessen, and Young 1996 |
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Term
| What is assortative mating? |
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Definition
| we date ppl with equal level of attractiveness to ourselves. |
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Term
| What are the physical and chemical attractiveness? |
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Definition
•Physical attractiveness:
•People rate “average” and symmetrical faces as attractive. Average=common.
•Chemical attractiveness:
•Pheromones- the scent of women/men and how that influences attractiveness of them.
•Usually overlapped, comes after physical |
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Term
| What is the sexual strategies theory? |
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Definition
•Sexual strategies theory- the idea that men and women face different problems when they seek out mates and so they approach relationships in different ways
•Short-term matings (more male) vs long-term matings (more women)
•Reason for this is: Parental Investment- Males just need to be present for sex, females have 9 months of pregnancy, labor, and 18 years.
•Males tend to seek women w/child bearing hips. Women seek men that protect and secure for a long relationship. |
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