Term
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Definition
| The experience of understanding or sharing the emotional state of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions that are intended to provide some benefit to or improve the well-being of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined by society as beneficial to other people; it excludes behavior motivated by professional obligations; it may be driven by more selfish (egoistic) and/or more selfless (altruistic) motivations |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to behavior carried out to benefit others without anticipation of external rewards; it is driven by exclusively empathic motivation |
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Term
| Leader in the field: C. Daniel Batson |
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Definition
| Empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotional state consisting of emotions such as compassion, warmth and concern for another person |
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Term
| Negative-state-relief model |
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Definition
| Argues that human beings have an innate drive to reduce their own negative moods. Helping behavior can elevate mood - thus people help for egoistic rather than altruistic reasons. |
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Term
| Leader in the field: John M. Darley & Bibb Latané |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| The process by which responsibility is divided between bystanders; with more people present in an emergency, responsibility is diffused and bystanders feel less responsible than if they were alone |
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Term
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Definition
| Emergency bystanders look to others in reacting to the event; as each person fails to react, they look at non-reacting bystanders, and interpret the event as not requiring a response |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience of individual bystanders whose behavior can be seen by other bystanders. In an emergency bystanders may fear embarassment by their actions, resulting in lower likelihood of them helping |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the phenomenon whereby the likelihood of any one person helping in an emergency situation decreases as the number of other bystanders increases |
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Term
| Arousal: cost-reward model |
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Definition
| Suggests that observing an emergency creates a sense of arousal in the bystander which becomes increasingly unpleasant. Bystander responds by considering costs and rewards of helping or not helping |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Jane Allyn Piliavin |
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Definition
| Arousal: cost-reward model |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate, non-deliberative form of helping that does not appear to involve a conscious decision-making process, and in which the helper does not attend to the presence of other bystanders |
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Term
| Common ingroup identity model |
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Definition
| This model seeks to reduce bias between groups by changing the nature of categorization from ingroups versus outgroups to a single, more inclusive identity. The model harnesses the forces of ingroup favouritism to reduce bias and promote helping |
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Term
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Definition
| When individuals give time and effort willingly without expecting rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| An enduring tendency to think about the rights and welfare of others, to feel concern and empathy, and to act in a way that benefits them |
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Term
| Coefficient of relatedness (r) |
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Definition
| Between two individuals can be calculated by knowing how many steps removed individiuals are from a common ancestor (e.g. coefficients of relatedness between children-parents and grandchildren-grandparents are .5 and .25, respectively) |
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Term
| Kin selection or inclusive fitness theory |
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Definition
| Proposes that we have evolved to favour people who are genetically related to us, and are more likely to help close relatives (kin) than strangers |
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Term
| Proportion of shared genes |
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Definition
| Refers to the amount of genetic material shared by humans (and animals): humans have an almost identical proportion of shared genes with any randomly selected other human being |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory designed to explain altruism towards strangers by proposing that helping non-kin may have evolved if the cost of helping another is offset by the likelihood of the return benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants are allocated tokens, and can then (secretly) decide how many to keep and how many to contribute to a public plot; contributing nothing is termed free riding |
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Term
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Definition
| A human predisposition to cooperate with others and to punish those who defect, even when this behavior cannot be justified in terms of selfinterest, extended kinship or reciprocal altruism |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Arie Nadler |
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Definition
| Questioned the taken-for-granted notion |
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