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| Leader in the field: William James |
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Definition
| Leader in the field - the I and the Me, and how these two come to work together to create a sense of continuity in the stream of consciousness |
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| A person's views and knowledge about him- or herself is shaped through an active construal process that plays out in interaction with the social environment. This process is motivated by how one would like to see oneself |
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| The process by which one observes and examines one's internal states (mental and emotional) for behaving in a certain way) |
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| Leader in the field: Shelley E. Taylor |
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| Socioemotional resources and protective processes that have biological and/or psychological benefits, especially when facing stress |
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| The theory assumes that when inner states are ambiguous, people can infer these states by observing their own behavior |
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| Inferences regarding others' appraisals of us that we gain by observing other peoples' reactions towards us |
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| A process of comparing oneself with others in order to evaluate one's own abilities and opinions |
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| Concept of self-schema that she describes as the cognitive representation of the self that organizes self-knowledge and guides self-relevant information-processing. |
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| The cognitive representation of our self-knowledge consisting of a sum total of all beliefs we have about ourselves. It gives coherence and meaning to one's experience, including one's relations to other people |
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| Mental structures that help us organize and guide the processing of self-related information |
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| The tendency to process and remember self-related information better than other information |
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| Subset of relevant self-knowledge that is activated and guides our behavior in a given situation |
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Definition
| Contain our potential (possible selves), as well as the wishes and aspirations (ideal self), and the duties and obligations (ought self) that we, or significant others, hold for us |
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Definition
| The overall evaluation that we have of ourselves along a positive-negative dimension |
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Definition
| Domains - both internal (e.g. virtue) and external (e.g. power) - on which we stake our self-worth |
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Definition
| The positivity of a person's automatic or nonconscious evaluation of him- or herself |
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Term
| Independent versus interdependent self |
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Definition
| While the independent self emphasizes autonomy and individualism and defines the self via internal attributes like traits, an interdependent self stresses the connection to others and defines the self in terms of relationships with others |
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Definition
| Motivation to enhance the positivity of our self-conceptions, often over what would be objectively warranted; achieved by various strategies (e.g. self-serving attributions, basking in reflected glory, positive self-presentations) |
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| Striving to reach an accurate and objective understanding of the self |
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| Nonconscious or automatic positive evaluation of self-associated objects |
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| A range of strategies that we adopt in order to shape what others think of us |
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| The tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure and augment ability attributions in the case of success |
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Term
| Leader in the fiel: William B. Swann |
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Definition
| Research on self-verification |
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Definition
| Motivation to affirm firmly held self-beliefs, arising from a desire for stable and coherent self-views |
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| A theory that posits that our self-esteem functions as a signal of the degree to which we feel accepted or rejected by other people |
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| A theory that assumes that people cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem |
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Definition
| A psychological state in which one's attention is directed at the self |
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Definition
| The process of controlling and directing one's behavior in order to achieve desired thoughts, feelings, and goals |
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Term
| Leader in the field: Roy F. Baumeister |
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Definition
| Nature of self-presentational behavior when someone is constrained by a reputation - ego depletion - escape self-awareness - self-esteem |
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Definition
| A temporary reduction of one's self-regulatory capacities due to restricted energy resources after sustained self-control efforts |
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Term
| Self-determination theory |
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Definition
| Accounts for people's reasons for self-regulation: if self-regulation is motivated by external pressure it is effortful; if its freely chosen it is much more efficient without being depleting |
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Definition
| A process by which we establish who we are through mutual give-and-take interactions with others |
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