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| the learning of human characteristics and behaviors and the development of a concept of self |
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| socialization following primary socialization that emphasizes synthesis, creativity, logic, emotional control, and advanced knowledge. |
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| ceremonies that symbolically acknowledge transitions from one life stage to another |
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| a status that dominates all other statuses |
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| contradictory expectations and demands attached to a single role |
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| relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, toles, and groups that address fundamental social needs |
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| those that people are forced to join |
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| What are some examples of Rites of Passage? |
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| baptismal ceremonies, bar mitzvahs, weddings, and funerals |
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| What are examples of Ascribed status? |
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| statuses assigned to individuals without reference to their abilities or efforts - such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and family background |
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| What are examples of Impression management? |
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| Ways that people use revelation and concealment to make a favorable impression on others - ?????? |
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| What are examples of Coercive organizations? |
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| prisons, mental institutions, in some countries the army, and elementary schools |
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| Cooley’s Looking-glass self |
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the process in which individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction
1. imagination of our appearance to others
2. imagination of their judgment of that appearance
3. development of feelings about and responses to these judgement |
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| Ways that people use relation and concealment to make a favorable impression on others |
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| consists of people who regularly interact and have close and enduring relationships |
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| two or more people who interact on a formal and impersonal basis to accomplish a specific objective |
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Nature vs. nurture
Heredity vs. environment
Sociobiology
Integrates sociology and biology to understand behavior
The effects of social isolation
Feral children
Examples: Anna and Isabelle |
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| Piaget’s formal operational stage |
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Definition
is not achieved by every adult, since it depends partly on schooling
Occurs at age twelve
It is estimated that 30 percent of people in the US never reach this stage. |
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| the body movements, gestures, and facial expressions that we use to communicate with others. |
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| collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time - the interaction is brief, expectations are limited, and people have no sense of belonging together |
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| two or more people who interact in patterned ways, have a feeling of unity, and share interests and expectations |
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a social group commanding a member’s esteem and loyalty
Normally use symbols such as names, slogans, dress, or badges to identify themselves so that they will be distinguishable from the outgroup
Viewed as the esteemed group which often commands loyalty or sense of “we-ness”
The ingroup consists of those that belong
The ingroup is viewed as a positive asset, while the outgroup is view as a negative asset |
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Involve others in decision-making
Communication flows from members to the leader and from the leader to the members
The leader delegates authority and responsibility, discusses matters with group members, and encourages members to divide tasks among themselves.
Criticism – it takes a considerable amount of time to include everyone in the democratic process. |
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a large scale organization that uses rules , hierarchial ranking, and a rational worldview to achieve maximum efficiency specialization and diviosion of labor hierachial structure formal rules, regulations, and proceures impersonality merit and careers |
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| set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status |
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| socially defined position in a social structure |
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| people's methods - a way of analyzing the "taken-for-granted" aspects that give meaning to social interaction |
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| Freud’s elements of personality |
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Definition
the id, the super ego, and the ego
Personality Model
Id “it” (desire)
Is present at birth and demands immediate satisfaction
Represents deep drives and impulses
Ego “I” (reason)
Attempts to strike a balance between wants and needs
Represents reason and common sense
Super Ego “above or beyond the ego” (conscience)
Rationalizes why we cannot have everything we want
Represents the standards of society |
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| Mead’s stages of development |
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Definition
Imitation—the mimicking of behavior without understanding the intention
Occurs up to about age three
Play—assuming roles modeled on important people
Occurs from about ages three to six
Game—
Occurs after age six
Generalized other—signifies the mark of full social development. The ability to take the role of an abstract entity such as a peer group, school, community, society as a whole. It is the widespread cultural norms and values that we use to evaluate ourselves. |
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those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the task of socialization.
-The family, school, religion, peers, media, and workplace |
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| a distance of 4 or 5 feet out to approximately 12 feet is commonly used for impersonal and formal interactions. |
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| Extends from the body outward 18 inches - for loved ones |
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"hands-off” leadership
Allow members the freedom to choose
Laid back and chilled out
The leader exercises authority sparingly and functions mainly as a source of knowledge, skill, and experience that the group can draw from as necessary
The leader guides group behavior by forcing members to assume leadership tasks for themselves.
Criticism – this group may drift aimlessly |
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