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Soci 3270 Test 1 Quiz Questions
questions from the test 1 quizzes
148
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
02/08/2010

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Term
T/F: A response is a change in behavior produced by a stimulus
Definition
True
Term
Which of the following is a common criticism of evolutionary theory?
a. it characterizes social behavior as hedonistic
b. none of the above
c. it cannot explain deviant behavior
d. it places too much emphasis on rationality and not enough emphasis on emotions
e. it sometimes oversimplifies the ways is which people process information
Definition
B. none of the above
Term
A panel study:
Definition
interviews the same individuals several times over a period of time
Term
A statement that a specific event or behavior is caused by some other event or social process is a(n):
a)independent variable
b)none of the above
c) theory
d) hunch
e)methodology
Definition
b) none of the above
Term
As she grew older, Kendra realized that she holds many of the same beliefs about what is socially acceptable as her parents do. Which process of socialization offers the best explanation for why Kendra and her parents agree on acceptable standards of behavior?
Definition
internalization
Term
Despite earning a low salary, John enjoys his job because of the intellectual stimulation. This is an example of:
Definition
intrinsic motivation
Term
A lottery player who buys tickets daily even though he/she only occasionally wins is following which schedule of reinforcement?
Definition
variable-ratio
Term
T/F: Charlie is fired from her job. She decides it is because the company is not making money right now and can’t afford to keep her. She is attributing her firing to a disposition.
Definition
False
Term
When observers forming an impression of a person give more weight to information received early in a sequence than to information received later, it is called the
Definition
primacy effect
Term
Frank believes that his mathematical abilities are stable but that what he makes on a math exam is due to mostly external factors.
Definition
task difficulty
Term
An influence on behavior due to the likelihood that other persons will learn about a behavior and respond negatively or positively is termed
Definition
situational constraint
Term
An individual’s perception of others’ beliefs about whether or not a behavior is appropriate is called
Definition
a subjective norm
Term
a theory of reasoned action helps to
Definition
specify the relationship between attitudes and behavior
Term
Overall recent changes in the life course have made adulthood
Definition
a more problematic construction than in the past
Term
Central to the life course perspective, what is considered to be the most influential factor in the life course perspective’s presence in the social and behavior sciences?
Definition
time
Term
After seeing the headlines regarding a tragic airline disaster, Bart decides it is safer to travel by car:
a) the availability heuristic
b) the representativeness heuristic
c) stereotyping
d) the anchoring heuristic
Definition
a) the availability heuristic
Term
Use of the availability heuristic relies most on which of the following types of knowledge structures?
Definition
exemplar
Term
A social psychologist visited Homestead, FL to observe how people conducted their lives after Hurricane Andrew. She then compared their activities to those observed in a comparable Florida community not hit by the hurricane. The researcher would be using which of the following research methods?
a) classical experiment
b) existing statistics
c) field experiment
d) survey
e) none of the above
Definition
c) field experiment
Term
The belief that people usually behave in ways that conform to expectations known as norms is a central tenet of which theoretical perspective?
Definition
role theory
Term
T/F: Evolutionary psychologists predict that both men and women will be attracted to younger and more attractive mates over other characteristics.
Definition
False
Term
T/F: Reinforcement theory has difficulty explaining human innovation
Definition
True
Term
Which research methodology produces the most internal validity?
Definition
Laboratory experiment
Term
Which of the following research methods would use the least intrusive measures
Definition
archival research
Term
Which research methodology can provide, at a moderate cost, an accurate and precise description of attitudes and social characteristics of a population?
a. Laboratory experiments
b. Content analysis
c. None of the above
d. Field experiments
e. Field study
Definition
c. none of the above
Term
Susan recently made a major occupational shift from person-oriented social worker to profit-oriented businesswoman. She is now probably suffering from
Definition
role discontinuity
Term
Which agent of socialization is intentionally designed to socialize children?
a. None of the above
b. Peers
c. Occupations
d. Family
e. Mass media
Definition
a. none of the above
Term
You are at the beach and you hear a child state “I swimmed just now.” The child’s phrase is an example of
Definition
overgeneralization
Term
Frank feels his acing his math test is due to an internal locus of control and a stable feature of mathematics. To what will he attribute his success?
Definition
ability
Term
overestimating the causal impact of what we are focusing on is the
Definition
focus of attention bias
Term
The belief in the existence of a supreme being is example of which attitude component?
Definition
cognitive
Term
T/F: reversing an attitude sign is a way to restore balance
Definition
True
Term
Dissonance commonly occurs in which of the following situations?
Definition
when an important belief is disconfirmed
Term
In the case of childhood, the formative and fateful impacts of childhood conditions have
Definition
enduring effects
Term
according to the lecture, fertile research is research that
Definition
inspires follow up research
Term
which is NOT a core concern of social psychology?
Definition
the study of intra-individual processes
Term
A set of functions performed by the person on behalf of the group is a
a. Code of action
b. None of the above
c. Model
d. Position
e. Norm
Definition
b. none of the above
Term
Which social psychology theoretical perspective argues that inconsistent beliefs produce changes in behavior?
Definition
cognitive theory
Term
Any variable that is not expressly included in the hypothesis but has a causal impact is called a(n):
Definition
extraneous variable
Term
Which of the following is NOT an objective of social science research?
Definition
supporting one value over another
Term
A compromise between face to face interviews and self-administered questionnaires is the
Definition
telephone interview
Term
Which of the following is a stage in a child’s language acquisition?
a. All of the above
b. Prespeech stage
c. First-word stage
d. Grammaticization
e. None of the above
Definition
a. all of the above
Term
Grading a course on several surprise or “pop” quizzes utilizes which schedule of reinforcement?
Definition
variable-interval
Term
T/F: An unpleasant event following a response that reduces the frequency of the response is a punishment.
Definition
True
Term
T/F: A schema that organizes our conception of our own qualities is an individual schema.
Definition
False
Term
low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency usually yield attributions to (the)
Definition
actor
Term
Whether an actor behaves differently toward a particular object than toward other objects is a decision of
Definition
distinctiveness
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of attitudes
Definition
directional function
Term
Unpleasant psychological tension due to cognitive inconsistency is called
Definition
cognitive dissonance
Term
According to emotions perspective, emotional responses override goal-seeking when:
a. Time is an imminent threat of the unknown
b. Time is limited
c. Unpredictable life conditions
d. All of the above
e. none of the above
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Which principle of the life course states that lower early achievement or stigmatized status can lead to a lifetime of cumulative disadvantage?
Definition
the principle of timing
Term
Taking the role of the other is most incompatible with the use of which of the following heuristics
a) representativeness
b) availability
c) anchoring
d) labelling
Definition
c) anchoring heuristic
Term
T/F: When mistakes in judgment appear to be motivated, or emotion-based, we refer to them as “hot errors”.
Definition
true
Term
The idea that an individual’s social behavior emerges through communication and interaction with others is a basic tenet of which theoretical perspective?
Definition
symbolic interaction theory
Term
Symbolic interaction theory argues that a person’s behavior is
Definition
A result of communication and interaction with others
Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of a science?
a. Observation of facts
b. None of the above
c. Formal methodology
d. All of the above
e. Accumulation of facts and generalizations
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
T/F: In order to determine whether the benefits of a particular research proposal outweigh the potential risks to participants involved, an Institutional Review Board (or human participants committee) will conduct a survey.
Definition
false
Term
Although she prefers sociology, Denise has decided to major in business because business majors usually earn higher incomes. This is an example of:
Definition
extrinsic motivation
Term
T/F: A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement follows a specified number of correct, non-reinforced responses is a fixed-ration schedule.
Definition
True
Term
T/F: An abstraction that represents the “typical” or quintessential instance of a class or group is called a role schema.
Definition
False
Term
Assumptions people have about how personality traits are related, which ones go together, and which ones do not, are called
Definition
implicit personality
Term
The process by which we link behaviors to their causes is called
Definition
attribution
Term
“The greater the incentive for engaging in counter-attitudinal behavior, the greater the resulting attitude change” describes the
Definition
incentive effect
Term
Alison doesn’t approve of drinking. Last night, due to peer pressure, she went out drinking. Alison is more likely now experiencing
Definition
cognitive dissonance
Term
Rene wanted to go to the StarTrek convention, but she thought that her friends would find out and think that she is weird. For this reason, Rene decided not to go to the convention. This situation illustrates
Definition
situational constraint
Term
Which of the following provides a buffer against unexpected shocks and life events?
Definition
advantaged origins
Term
T/F: Equitable relationships are those that have rewards proportional to costs.
Definition
true
Term
T/F: The use of formal methodology is the hallmark of science that social psychology has the most difficult time measuring up to.
Definition
False
Term
Damaging a participant’s self-concept in an experiment is an example of
Definition
psychological harm
Term
T/F: Face to face interviews usually have higher response rates than mailed questionnaires
Definition
True
Term
Which of the following is a primary agent of socialization?
Definition
School
Term
T/F: The amount of psychological punishment parents use declines as the child’s age increases.
Definition
False
Term
When the latest info we acquire exerts the strongest influence on our impressions, it is called the
Definition
recency effect
Term
An organized structure of concepts about some stimuli is called a
Definition
schema
Term
In general, social psychological research on deception has shown that individuals are
Definition
poor at detecting deception
Term
T/F: an attitude grounded in direct exposure increases the attitude-behavior relationship
Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is a proposition of role theory?
a) People occupy distinct positions in groups
b) Particular expectations/norms are associated with particular roles/positions
c)All of the above
d)People spend most of their lives as members of groups and organizations
e)None of the above
Definition
c. all of the above
Term
Jane gave her class the same IQ test twice, 3 weeks apart, and found the students scored the same both times. This is
Definition
reliability
Term
Which of the following is true about the effects of divorce on children?
a) None of the above
b) Children of divorce parents show less psychological problems than children with married parents
c) Children of divorce parents score higher on measures of academics success than children with married parents
d) There are no intergenerational effects on divorce
e)Divorce is more detrimental on children over the age of 16
Definition
A) none of the above
Term
After his teacher caught him drinking, John was suspended from school. John has since decreased his drinking. This is an example of
Definition
instrumental learning
Term
Which of the following is NOT a level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s model of moral development?
Definition
postmodern morality
Term
We perform two major steps when inferring personal dispositions. We try to deduce the individual’s
Definition
intentions and dispositions
Term
A type of mental shortcut that allows individuals to quickly select and apply schemas to new or ambiguous situations is a
a) schema
b)categorization
c)all of the above
d) social perception
e) attribution
f) none of the above
Definition
f) none of the above
Term
Frank believes that his mathematical abilities are stable and that the math tests given by his teacher are pretty stable over time. To what will he attribute the success?
Definition
effort
Term
A strong like or dislike for members of a specific group is called a
Definition
prejudice
Term
T/F: An imbalance state exists when all 3 sentiments are positive
Definition
false
Term
Which core concern of social psychology is more likely to be interested in stereotypes and intergroup conflict?
Definition
study of the impact of one group on another group
Term
Which of the following is a criticism of role theory?
a) It characterizes social behavior as hedonistic
b) It sometimes oversimplifies the ways in which people process info
c) It is based on circular reasoning
d) It places too much emphasis on rationality and not enough emphasis on emotions
e)None of the above
Definition
e)none of the above
Term
Inferring info about family life and roles by looking for certain data in written diaries of married women is an example of
Definition
content analysis
Term
T/F: Survey respondents always respond truthfully
Definition
false
Term
Which research methodology can provide, at a moderate cost, an accurate and precise description of attitudes and social characteristics of a population?
a) Field experiments
b) Content analysis
c) Laboratory experiments
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
f) field study
Definition
e) none of the above
Term
When the values and identities of a new role contradict those of earlier roles, this is called
Definition
role discontinuity
Term
Research shows that we are more likely to use stereotypes when
a) All of the above
b) We have recently used the stereotype
c) Group membership is especially salient
d) The less we know about an individual
e) None of the above
Definition
A) All of the above
Term
Conditioning consists of
Definition
the application of reinforcement
Term
T/F: The amount of psychological punishment parents use declines as the child's age increases
Definition
false
Term
Which parenting style results in more positive psychological development?
Definition
Authoritative
Term
Event schemas are also termed
Definition
Scripts
Term
T/F: Bob thinks that everything bad that happens to his friends is because of a huge governmental conspiracy. This shows that he fallen victim to the fundamental attribution error.
Definition
False
Term
T/F: LaPiere found that attitudes predicted behavior most of the time in his study of whether anti-Asian prejudice would lead to Asians not getting served.
Definition
False
Term
According to Giddens (2003), economic transformations and independent influences strongly impact
a) demographic changes
b)gender composition
c) racial and ethnic equality
d) demographic fortitude
Definition
Demographic Changes
Term
A person who thinks that all fraternity members are arrogant and mean meets a fraternity member who is humble and nice. After meeting this fraternity member, the person changes his or her ideas about fraternity members. This is an example of
a) principle of cognitive consistency
b) principle of discriminant learning
c) none of the above
d) principle of reinforcement
e) principle of determinism
Definition
A) principle of cognitive consistency
Term
Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in processes such as socialization and conformity?
1.the study of the impact of one group on another group
2.the study of the impact of a group on an individual member
3. none of the above
4.the study of the impact of individual members on a group
5.the study of the impact of the individual on another individual
Definition
2.the study of the impact of a group on an individual member
Term
Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in studying different styles of leadership and innovation in groups?
1. the study of the impact of a group on an individual member
2.none of the above
3.the study of the impact of one group on another group
4.the study of the impact of individual members on a group
5.the study of the impact of the individual on another individual
Definition
4.the study of the impact of individual members on a group
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scientific research?
1.methodology
2.reliance on empirical information
3.withholding information about the research from others
4.dissemination of data to others
5.none of the above
Definition
3. Withholding information about the research from others
Term
Any variable that is not expressly included in the hypothesis but has a causal impact is called a(n)
1. extraneous variable
2. independent variable
3. confounding variable
4. dependent variable
5. none of the above
Definition
1. extraneous variable
Term
What style of attachment describes most adults?
a) secure
b) ambivalent
c) avoidance
d) anxious
e) none of the above
Definition
a) secure
Term
Which of the following is true about the effects of divorce on children?
1.There are no intergenerational effects on divorce
2.None of the above
3.Divorce is more detrimental on children over the age of 16
4.Children of divorce parents score higher on measures of academics success than children with married parents
5.Children of divorce parents show less psychological problems than children with married parents
Definition
2. None of the above
Term
Which of the following is NOT a basis for moral judgment, according to Piaget?
1. none of the above
2. amount of harm/benefit
3. amount of internalization
4. the application of agreed upon rules or norms
5. actor's intentions
Definition
3. amount of internalization
Term
T/F: The bulk of the evidence from studies on impression formation supports the averaging model
Definition
False
Term
Whether an actor behaves differently toward a particular object than toward other objects is a decision of:
1. consistency
2. distinctiveness
3. none of the above
4. covariation
5. consensus
Definition
2. Distinctiveness
Term
The perceptions and beliefs about an attitude object are termed the
Definition
cognitive component
Term
What feature of the modern life course influenced Gidden’s (2003) to characterize it as a “runaway world”?
1. increased individualization
2. decreased individualization
3. increased collectivism
4. decreased economic standardization
Definition
increased individualization
Term
If there is no relationship between two variables, we would expect them to have a correlation (r) of
a) +1.00
b) 0.00
c) 10.00
d) none of the above
e)-1.00
Definition
b) 0.00
Term
In the reasoned action model, what immediately precedes behavior?
a) attitudes toward the behavior
b) intentions
c) subjective norms
d) a primitive belief
e) none of the above
Definition
b) intentions
Term
When an attitude is linked to more than one set of underlying beliefs, the linkages are termed

1. vertical
2. primitive
3. cognitive
4. horizontal
5. none of the above
Definition
4. horizontal
Term
Neil meets Lorna and learns that she is a hard worker. Later many people tell him that she is lazy, but he still thinks she is a hard worker. This illustrates the
1. fundamental attribution error
2. principle of covariation
3. primacy effect
4. recency effect
5. none of the above
Definition
3. primacy effect
Term
All of the following account for the patterns of population aging that are challenging economic and national policies EXCEPT:
1.women choosing to have fewer children
2.declining fertility rates
3.increases in per capita homicides
4.increases in average life expectancy
Definition
3. increases in per capita homicides
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of attitudes?
1.value expressive function
2.knowledge function
3.unilateral function
4.directional function
5.instrumental function
Definition
directional function
Term
T/F: A state of imbalance results in cognitive consistency.
Definition
False
Term
Which of the following is true about modern racism and sexism?
1.they are easy to confront and address
2.they recognize the need for affirmative action
3.none of the above
4.they are typical of studies done in the first half of the 20th century
5.they overtly characterize Blacks and women as lazy
Definition
3. none of the above
Term
Which agent of socialization is intentionally designed to socialize children?
a. None of the above
b. Peers
c. Occupations
d. Family
e. Mass media
Definition
a) none of the above
Term
Social psychology can trace its historical roots to
Definition
Both A and B (the social theorists of 19th-century Europe, the Catholic theologians of medieval Europe)
Term
The linkages between fundamental beliefs and minor beliefs in cognitive structure are termed
Definition
vertical
Term
Which principle of the life course states that lower early achievement or stigmatized status can lead to a lifetime of cumulative disadvantage?
Definition
the principle of timing
Term
T/F: Experimental research is the best method for assessing causality.
Definition
True
Term
Obtaining and analyzing historical records to assess in America over time is an example of
Definition
Archival research
Term
Which of the following is true regarding punishment?
Definition
Parental use of psychological punishment remains relative steady throughout childhood
Term
Before meeting Sam, Jeff learns that Sam is a former convict. Yet after knowing him a few months, Jeff learns that Sam is trustworthy. He concludes that Sam never should have been convicted of a crime. This illustrates that
Definition
recency effect
Term
Frank feels his failing his math test is due to an external locus of control that is unstable in nature. To what will he attribute his failure?
Definition
luck
Term
Dissonance commonly occurs in which of the following situations
Definition
when an important belief is disconfirmed
Term
The dean must choose a chairperson. She has an idea of what the ideal chairperson would be. What type of schema is this?
Definition
prototype
Term
Frank believes that his mathematical abilities are stable and that the math tests given by his math teacher are pretty stable over time. To what will he attribute the success?
Definition
effort
Term
Grading a course on several surprise or "pop" quizzes utilizes which schedule of reinforcement?
Definition
variable-interval
Term
Overestimating the causal impact of what we are focusing on is the
Definition
focus of attention bias
Term
Which of the following is NOT a strength of field research?
Definition
they have unproblematic external validity
Term
You are walking in the mall and you see a young child of about five running with his mother running after him. When the mother finally catches her son, she grabs him and tells him that the next time he runs like away from her like that he is going to get a spanking. From this information alone, how would you describe this parenting style?
Definition
authoritarian
Term
A theory that holds that attitudes help us obtain our needs and goals is which function of attitudes?
Definition
the instrumental function
Term
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people can communicate only if
Definition
they have a consensus of meaning
Term
Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in interpersonal motivations such as interpersonal attraction and persuasion?
Definition
the study of the impact of the individual on another individual
Term
The major advantage of modeling compared with some other forms of learning is that
Definition
it is more efficient than trial-and-error learning
Term
Joe strongly dislikes and feels uncomfortable with foreign students. This is an example of which attitude component?
Definition
evaluative
Term
T/F: The unquestioned acceptance of the credibility of some authority, such as God, is termed a primitive belief
Definition
True
Term
Low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency usually yield attributions to (the)
Definition
actor
Term
T/F: A fixed set of characteristics we apply to all members of a group are called schemas.
Definition
false
Term
When participants believe they know the hypothesis under investigation and behave in a way that supports the hypothesis, the resulting threat to internal validity is referred to as
Definition
demand characteristics
Term
The process of socialization through which a person learns what response to make in a situation in order to obtain a positive reinforcement or avoid a negative reinforcement is referred to as
Definition
instrumental conditioning
Term
The tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes is the
Definition
fundamental attribution error
Term
Attitudes consist of all of the following components EXCEPT
a)correspondence
b) cognitions
c) none of the above
d) an evaluation
e) a behavioral disposition
Definition
a) correspondence
Term
Gina refused to testify against her fellow gang members because she was worried that people would think of her as a traitor. This is an example of which type of moral reasoning?
Definition
conventional morality
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