Term
|
Definition
1947
Generations
Generational units
crit: generation or cohort? empirical guidelines to measure generation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intersection between biology and social forces.
ppl share common history, experience, time (concrete bond)
Size = temporal pace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| varying responses by people in a generation to the same events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2002
Conflict theory: relaity is relationship between individual action and societal structure
Access to capital (ECSS) creates habitus - given by sig others
Education reinforces inequalities in society
fields are specialized knowledge
critique: limited social mobility, doesn't discuss social change, what about ethnicity or gender? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bourdieu
every person constructs reality based on relationship between societal structure and individual action. social structure has embedded inequalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bourdieu: lifestyle, behaviour and value orientation based on capital given to you by significant others
- Often passed through social groups
- There is a margin of freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bourdieu: Economic, Cultural, Social and Symbolic - creates our habitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforced inequalities in the social structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bourdieu: specific areas with their own rules and organization, sometimes social groups are more familiar with one than others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1917
Structural functionalism: everything works together to make a functioning society with collectively agreed upon values and goals
social facts are cultural norms/values that constrain our actions (ex. CC) - should be studies rather than individual.
Material (laws, tech, crime) and non-material (norms, division of labour)
collective consciousness:: common beliefs av. citizen holds, diminished through mech --> org. solidarity.
education builds CC, equalizer, meritocracy
critique: doesn't discuss mechanism or process of how society develops, little individual agency, equal access to education? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durkheim: society collectively agrees upon values and goals and everything works together to make a functioning society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural norms and values collectively agreed upon that constrain our actions. should be studied rather than the individual. example: collective consciousness, crime (material) or division of labour/norms (non-material) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durkheim: totality of beliefs common to average citizens of the same society - it is a social fact that diminished as society moved from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durkheim: parallel production, often held together by mythical beings, where ritual is essential to reproduce the social order, taboos are strong and deviation is punished. Collective consciousness is greater than individual consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durkheim: increased interdependence created by industrialization also saw increased differentiation of labour. Deviation was not as punished and eroded the collective consciousness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tool to give back the collective consciousness, give the selfish norms and roles in society - based on merit. Prepare children with essential tools to function in society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phenomenological approach
society is a human product of social interaction and not inherent in human nature. meanings of behaviour are social constructions made through social interaction - habits create and recreate social institutions.
EOI - habits are externalized into accepted institutions, objectivized and become 'facts' and then are internalized by the population into our personhoods
Primary socialization: significant others transmit interpretations of reality
secondary socialization: after the fact, fields, specialize
language - paramount to communicate meaning of behaviours
generalized other - reflects expectations of greater society and allow for stability and continuity, |
|
|
Term
| Phenomenological approach |
|
Definition
Berger and Luckman: the meaning of behaviours are social constructions made through human interaction and society
society is a product of human social interaction and not inherent in human nature. Habits create and recreate social institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Berger and Luckman: the process in which human behaviours become parts of society
Externalization (habits become generally adopted) Objectivation (become considered objective or external facts) and Internalization (we absorb them into our personhood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Berger and Luckman: interpretation fo reality given to us by our significant others - only possible through emotional attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Berger and Luckman: acquisition of role specific knowledge, no emotional attachment needed, subworlds of society - presupposes primary socialization, biologically limited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Berger and Luckman: needed to communicate categories. When we realize attitude of sig. others is attitude of society, it creates a generalized other which brings individual self-identity and stability/continuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals are products of their society and 'natural law' - which is independent from them. Individuals have little to no agency in their interpretation of the norms and values of society. They are the products of social structures which they internalize and reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1982 Dramaturlogical approach
selves are constructed through social interaction, and each self we value differently.
Impression management used to both consciously and unconsciously safeguard our image and preserve face (positive social value based in social interaction to which we are emotionally connected)
Facework manages face, through defensive and protective practices. We employ personal front with manners, appearance, self-avoidance, corrective.
also require past knowledge tp successfully communicate image
critique: always performing? performance genuine? children? alcohol? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
we have multiple selves constructed through social interaction and to each we have different levels of value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman: we use impression management to preserve our image (face) which is a positive social value based in social interaction to which we are emotionally connected.
Includes facework: protective and defensive.
defensive: self-avoidance, corrective, and personal front (props, manners and appearance)
needed, along with past knowledge, to project an image) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive social value based in social interaction to which we are emotionally attached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
to maintain our image/face through impression management, we employ facework
- defensive: personal front, self avoidance and corrective
- protective: audience
as well as past knowledge needed to communicate an image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1931
symbolic interacitonalism
social interaction is the basis of human development within society. It is how the self develops and becomes an I and a Me
stage 1: prep - imitate, understand rewards
stage 2: play - take on roles, mimic roles, incoherently
stage 3: game - understand all the roles, see constraints, start to develop and I and a Me
generalized other is an abstract configuration of expectations
critique: structure of society ignored, what about non-conscious action. Limits social change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1984
power acts through institutions through supervision, documentation and constriction of discourse
individuals are irrational and cannot control themselves
example: mental institution, control deviant discourse (hysteria, depression)
critique: if discourse is controlled, how does he account for the changed way we both talk about and view sex - reproductive to recreational. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1990
state formation = interconnectedness = more social interaction = increased external pressure = increased internal pressure. people have agency within a range to conform or not
example: safe space, manners
critique: only looked at western society, limits possibility for social mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which individuals learn and understand the rules, norms, values and beliefs of social pressures that transform us into beings capable of living in society (Bauman 25) |
|
|
