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Definition
Perspective or belief that one’s genetic makeup predisposes one to certain behaviors and statuses.
Perspective that the difference between men and women and male and female is natural and unchanging |
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Definition
| Process by which people develop their human capacities and acquire a unique personality and identity and by which culture is passed from generation to generation |
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| the biological concept is determined by these - genitals, chromosomes, and hormones. |
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| Quality of having both male and female sex characteristics; Formerly referred to as hermoaphroditism; Approximately, 1.7% of all infants born in the U.S. |
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| Social and medical preference for “perfect,” “normal” “male” and “female” genitals; Measured by the efforts of medical personnel to persuade parents to assign sex soon after infants are born. |
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Definition
| Social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for girls, women, boys, and men;Socially dichomotized into male and female, although visibility of transgendered persons calls the naturalness of the dichotomy into question. |
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| Organization of social life around the male-female distinction. |
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Definition
People use their economic, political, physical, and other resources to dominate others.
Any change in the distribution of resources across a society alters the structure of domination.
Ideology is used to justify one group’s domination over another. |
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Definition
| Perspective that socialization and social interactions shape people’s experiences and produce patterns and consequences for social life. |
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Definition
| Biological concept determined on the basis of sex characteristics, such as genitals, chromosomes, and hormones |
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Definition
The official declaration of one’s sex usually happens at birth.
Doctors inspect an infant’s primary sex characteristics and (usually) assign the infant male or female sex. |
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Definition
| Set of theories that attempt to explain gender differences and inequalities by examining social institutions from the viewpoint of women and by attempting to change inequalities between women and men |
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Definition
System in which decision-making positions are held primarily by men.
System of male dominance under which women have been exploited and oppressed under particular historical and social dimensions in particular places. |
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Definition
| Relatively permanent claim to exclusive sexual rights over a particular person |
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Definition
| Beliefs that legitimize one sex’s social, economic, and political dominance over the other; People can be classified into 2—and only 2—categories, male and female. A close correspondence exists between a person’s sex characteristics and characteristics such as emotional activity, body language, personality, intelligence, the expression of sexual desire, and athletic capability; Sex characteristics are so significant that they explain and determine behavior and social, economic, and political inequalities that exist between the sexes. |
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Definition
| a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with girls and women |
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| possessing qualities or characteristics considered typical of or appropriate to a man |
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Definition
| how people experience the erotic and express themselves as sexual beings; the awareness of themselves as males or females |
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Term
| hegemonic masculinity/femininity |
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Definition
| Continuing behavior and practices that enable men to continue to dominate women; Differs from patriarchy because hegemonic masculinity emphasizes the accumulation of behaviors and practices, instead of the social and political structures attributed to patriarchy. |
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Definition
| System of knowledge and understanding that privileges, reproduces, and legitimizes heterosexuality as the norm and referent and maintains masculinity as the dominant viewpoint in comprehending sexuality; sexuality tends to be constructed as male or female |
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| hierarchy of masculinites/femininities |
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Definition
| persistence of "controlling images"; continual process of "othering" |
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Definition
| demonstrate that a variety of sexual practices and identities exists; decenters heterosexuality as the dominant referent category in understanding sexuality. |
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Definition
| fear, dislike, and even hatred of sexual nonconformity (i.e. homosexuality) and those who are non-heterosexual |
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Definition
Sexual behavior, practices, and identity predicated on preference or desire for the opposite sex.
Often, heterosexuality is the default referent category for the sexual organization of society. |
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| naturalness of heterosexuality |
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Definition
Sociologists are interested in understanding how individuals came to think of heterosexuality as naturally arising from social institutions.
Sociologists also want to understand how heterosexuality achieved status as a universality |
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Definition
| Ability of men to dominate other men; Having access to certain resources and power that men of different races do not have; Certain social structures relied on internal hegemony—colonialism relied on white European men to colonize and dominate colonized men in different countries. |
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Definition
Ability of men to dominate women.
Men in a historically masculine occupation may marginalize women recently hired into the occupation through hegemonic practices—i.e. sexual harassment; firing women who become pregnant; forcing women to control their fertility |
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| compulsive heterosexuality |
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Definition
| constellation of sexualized practices, discourses, and interactions to demonstrate dominance in a variety of ways; central part of American masculinity |
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Definition
| penalizes women from pursuing sexual satisfaction. Women who are vocal or public about the importance of sexual satisfaction may be assigned negative labels. Men are usually not held to this sexual double standard. In religious communities, both men and women may be held to certain sexual standards. |
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Definition
| the way groups act to manipulate the relations b/t masculinity and femininity as others commonly understand them |
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Definition
| gender is produced as a ritualized repetition of conventions, and this ritual is socially compelled in part by the force of a compulsive heterosexuality |
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Term
| marginalized masculinity/femininity |
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Definition
| men and women who may be positioned powerfully in terms of gender but not in terms of class or race |
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| subordinated masculinity/femininity |
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Definition
| men who are oppressed by definitions of hegemonic masculinity and femininity, primarily gay men and women |
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| complicit masculinities/femininities |
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Definition
| men/women who benefit from hegemonic masculinity/femininity but do not enact it |
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Definition
| destabilizes the assumed naturalness of the social order; moves deconstructive project of sociology in new areas by examining what sociology takes for granted |
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| informal sexual curriculum |
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Definition
| at River High; the way sexuality is constructed at the level of the institution through disciplinary practices, student-teacher relationships, and school events |
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Term
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Definition
| something that tells a story about the culture in which it is found (found at River High) |
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Definition
| River High - Prom, Homecoming, Back to School Dance, Mr. Cougar contest |
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Definition
| yelling of some variation of the word "fag" at River High to cement relationships b/t boys and help manage anxiety & discomfort |
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Definition
| straight men who care about their appearance, meticulously piecing together outfits, using product for their hair, & getting manicures |
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Definition
| masculinity is predicated on overcoming women's bodily desire and control |
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Definition
| at River High; where students can be free from gender and sexuality-based teasing and taunts. Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) is an example |
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Definition
| a variety of systematic & spontaneous actions that allowed River High girls to contest boys' treatment of them and other girls |
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Definition
| a way of constructing the social world, alternative interactions,rituals and gendered ways of being - political action, parody. EX: Mr Cougar skits, Carousel, & practices of GSA girls |
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Term
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Definition
| masculinity and femininity are not ends of the same axis but rather occupy different axes, so that they can mix all sorts of gendered imagery and practices |
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Definition
| as a woman, Pascoe means positioning herself as a woman that possesses masculine cultural capital |
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Definition
| for Pascoe, this meant downplaying her adult status in order to get in with the River High kids |
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Definition
Quality of being bodily flesh or material.
Emphasizing the corporeal has been a way for feminists and sociologists to make girls and women visible across the life course.Girls and women have historically been socially and politically invisible. |
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Term
| individualism vs systematic inequalities |
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Definition
Hard work as a value is a mainstay of American culture. Many Americans, especially middle-class Americans, believe that individuals can improve their situation through hard work and motivation.
It is harder to convince some believers that there are occupational and wage inequalities that disproportionately affect women, people of color, and recent immigrants to the U.S. |
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Term
| 5 types of gender discrimination at work |
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Definition
| Myopic; Principled; Statistical; Consumer-driven; Worker-driven |
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Definition
| short-sighted privileging of men over women or women over men for a job |
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| principled discrimination |
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Definition
| belief that men or women are better suited for a given job |
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Term
| statistical discrimination |
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Definition
| job applicants treated as though they had qualities “typical” of her/his gender |
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| consumer-driven discrimination |
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Definition
| employers refuse to hire women or men b/c they think such hiring will alienate customers |
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| worker-driven discrimination |
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Definition
| employer accommodates sexism of employees and does not hire women or men for job |
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Term
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Definition
| women are hired as gestures by upper management, but isolated in the field |
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| consequences of occupational sex segregation |
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Definition
| wage gap; tokenism; inability to obtain promotions; lower Social Security & retirement benefits; lack of pensions; sexual harassment |
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Definition
| Symbolic and material benefits that men derive from ruling over women or being in positions of superiority over women;Benefits may include “honor, prestige, . . . The right to command . . . [and] a material” benefit, such as higher wages, access to higher positions of power, access to better educational opportunities, access to powerful social networks because of men’s masculine gender |
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| women's work vs. men's work |
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Definition
| women have jobs that relate to the private sphere: nursing, teaching, childcare, cleaning, etc.; men have jobs of power in the public sphere: CEOs, bankers, lawyers, politicians, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| notion that fathers and husbands supported working women, which justified the provision of lower wages for working women |
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Definition
| definition of occupations as men’s domain and others as appropriate for women |
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| how do jobs become gendered? |
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Definition
| sex typing, family wage, legal & formal barriers, women's enforced dependency on men |
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Term
| pregnancy & job discrimination |
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Definition
| Women who are pregnant on the job market may experience discrimination, especially if they are visibly pregnant. Academic employers may steer away from suitable candidates who might request maternity leave for the first semester of their appointment. |
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Definition
The combination of race and gender impacts a person’s income. White men consistently earn more than men and women of color and white women.
However, a person’s race influences the likelihood of being out of work more than a person’s gender.
Men and women of color are “less likely to be fully employed” than working white men and women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some countries allocate parental leave to both parents and allow same-sex and heterosexual couples to determine how to allocate parental leave; the state may allocate a certain amount of parental leave to couples (i.e. 18 months). |
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Term
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Definition
| the outsourcing of relatively high-paying manufacturing jobs from the US to foreign countries |
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Definition
| strippers would blame it on others that would have sex with their clients, stigmatized groups often marginalize each other (othering them); some adopt a stage name to dissociate themselves |
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Definition
| some define it differently; sex trafficking, making money off of "selling sex" |
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Term
| exploitative/empowering dynamics of exotic dancing |
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Definition
| some see it as a way to get back at men, by very intelligently "using" them to get their money. those women see it as empowering. others see it exploitative of women and degrading. feminists have taken both sides. |
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Definition
| Barton - liminal location b/t titllating and scandalous, powerful and powerless (exotic dancers hold this position) |
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Term
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Definition
| distorted sense of self and money; blurry boundaries; disdain for men; jealousy from partners; decreased sex drive; |
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| cultural taboos of sex work |
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Definition
| people don't respond well when they know you work in the sex industry; sometimes exotic dancers hide their work from their friends, family, and potential non-sex work employers |
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Term
| race, gender, and beauty associated with exotic dancing |
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Definition
| accepted misogyny; some see racism, others see that men have different tastes; heavier girls have to take off more clothes to make money; etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| one side believes that exotic dancing is demeaning and oppressive; the other side believes exotic dancing is empowering and leaves room for a woman to creatively express herself |
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Term
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Definition
| one side believes that exotic dancing is demeaning and oppressive; the other side believes exotic dancing is empowering and leaves room for a woman to creatively express herself |
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Term
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Definition
| conservative feminism often associated w/ the right-wing; see sex as non-benificial to women and oppressive |
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Definition
| often seen as liberal and ass. w/ left-wing; often seen as overly free with their sexuality |
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Definition
| face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact that requires one to induce or suppress feelings in order to sustain the outward appearance that produces proper state of mind in others |
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Definition
| categorizing individuals and groups who do not belong, who are different and inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative association between an individual and an activity (such as exotic dancing) |
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| stigmatizaton of sex work |
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Definition
| these individuals are dehumanized b/c of their work. |
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Definition
| a way that a culture is more understanding of exotic dancing; stigma-reducing concept that describes how family and friends (or dancers) prefer to interpret the act |
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| dancers' stigma-reduction/management |
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Definition
| othering/marginalizing other dancers; psychological distancing; the "stripper phase" |
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Term
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Definition
| women are socialized to accept the male sexual gaze; dressing and playing into the male fantasy |
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Term
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Definition
| a method used by subordinate groups to resist domination through use of terms that hid their thoughts about experiences of oppression, as opposed to a public revolt |
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Definition
| Lusty Lady success in unionizing; worked to rid their industry of biases due to race and sexual identity |
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Definition
| instances where the same-sex dancers organize and bond; they stick together; strip club dressing room |
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Definition
| a way in which an individual identifies with a gender category |
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Definition
| the way a society socially defines sexuality, masculinity, femininity, or lack thereof |
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Term
| myths about gender and sexuality |
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Definition
| the idea that your biological parts don't fall in line with society's idea that biological sex and gender are one |
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Definition
| the way that River High students and faculty reinforced ideas about sexuality and gender through relationships |
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Term
| gender (individual, interactional, & institutional levels) |
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Definition
| individual - how one identifies themselves as feminine or masculine; interactional - the way relationships reinforce ideas about gender and sexuality; institutional - how the institution emphasizes the ideas of gender and sexuality that the individual and interactional have already acted out |
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Term
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Definition
| men dominate society, women are subordinate; heterosexual is above homosexual; etc. |
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Term
| sociological attributes of bodies |
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Definition
| the way society believes bodily attributes are tied to sexuality, masculinity, and femininity |
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Term
| occupational segregation by race and gender |
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Definition
| certain jobs are specific to males, and some are specific to females; men usually get paid more for the same job; race minorities dominate athletics, but the athletic administration has a low percentage of minorities |
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Term
| gendering of jobs & occupations |
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Definition
| the way jobs are meant for certain genders; ex: teaching requires being kind and nurturing, therefore that job belongs to a woman |
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Term
| techniques of storytelling |
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Definition
| Dreamworlds 3; men dominate women; women outnumber men; women are ready to have sex all the time; women are depressed when men aren't around; women are only sexual beings; etc. |
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Definition
| Dreamworlds 3; it dominates music videos and society, and they apply this fantasy to real life b/c of pornographic imagination |
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Definition
| Dreamworlds 3; this is the male gaze in which all music videos are made, even those made by female artists |
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Definition
| refers to the practice of regarding or treating another person merely as an instrument or object toward one's sexual pleasure |
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Term
| contours of exotic dancing |
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Definition
| what defines exotic dancing: dancing/stripping, male or female, |
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Term
| effects of sex work's stigmatization |
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Definition
| it keeps the dancers from revealing their jobs to outsiders; have to learn how to deal with negatives that go with the stigma (drugs/alcohol and whore label) |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of camaraderie to cooperate with other dancers. this connects women in a "community of fate"; bonding through shared circumstances |
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Definition
| Lusty Lady; the workers became closer to each other than they did to management; the separation of the work environments |
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Definition
| ex: Lusty Lady; sub-standard working conditions; not treating the workers like human beings |
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