Term
| Multinational Corporations |
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Definition
| companies that operate across national borders |
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Term
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Definition
| the econmonic aqnd political dominaqnce of the least industrialized nations by the most industrialized nations |
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Definition
| the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them funadmentally different from other people, and that these characteristics are passed on to children from parents |
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Definition
| how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of workers required to support each dependent person- those 65 and older and those 15 and under |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people becuase of their age; can be directed towards any age group (youth) |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person's amount and quality of activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a place or services brougt into someone's home, for the purpose of bringing comfort and dignity to a dying person |
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Term
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Definition
| people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together |
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Definition
| the view that society prevents disruption by having the elderly vacate their positions of responsibility so the younger generatioin can step into their shoes |
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Definition
| a society run the the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative value placed on men's and women's ages |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their resumed race or ethnic group |
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Definition
| physcial characteristics that distinguish one group from another |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum length of life of a species; for humans, the longest that a human has ever lived |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of years that an average person at any age, including new borns, can expect to live |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population |
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Term
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Definition
| having distinctive cultural characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| time not taken up by work or required |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which one's status is determined by birth and is lifelong |
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Term
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Definition
| the tools factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up or down the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about the way things out to be that justify social arrangements |
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Term
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Definition
| to separate acts from feelings and attidudes |
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Term
| globalization of capitalism |
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Definition
| capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system |
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Term
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Definition
| the seperation of racial-ethnic groups as was practiced in south africa |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of distribution of goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production |
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Term
| estate stratification system |
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Definition
| the stratification system of medieval Europe, sonsisting of 3 gropus or estates: the nobility, clergy, and commoners |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which some people own other people |
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Term
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Definition
| the unemployed are though of as being "in reserve", they are taken "out of reserve" during times of high production and then layed off when they are no longer needed |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the king's authority comes directly from God |
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Term
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Definition
| economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of marrying within one's own group |
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Term
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Definition
| an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group |
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Term
| individual discrimination |
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Definition
| the negative treatment of one person by another on the basis of that person's preceived characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that Americans of various backgrounds would blend into a sort of ethnic stew |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination on basis of race |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual or grop unfairly blamed for someone else's troubles |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude of prejudging, usually in a negative way |
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Term
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Definition
| activities designed to discover, enhance, or maintain ethnic and racial identification |
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Term
| insitutional discrimination |
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Definition
| negative treatment of a minority gropu that is built into a soceity's institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the group with the most power, greatest privleges, and higest social status |
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Term
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Definition
| people who ar e singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
workers split along racial, thenic, gender, age, or any other lines;
this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others |
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Term
| bonded labor/indentured service |
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Definition
| a system in which someone selss his/her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntarily entered into |
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Term
| authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| Theodor Adorno's term for people who are prejudiced and rank high on scales of conformity intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of erules or norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of norms written into law |
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Term
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Definition
| "blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its memebers depend and on which they base their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a grou's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms |
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Term
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Definition
| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm. ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
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Term
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Definition
| a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to descrive an attempt to remake the self by stipping away an inficidual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place |
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Term
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Definition
| inborn tendencies; in this context, to commit deviant acts |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes such as mugging, rape, and burgarly |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that a presonality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and, by extension, in a greater likelihood that one will become deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate |
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Term
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Definition
| the view, develiped by symbolic interactions, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perctions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the legitimate objectives held out to the members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
| approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
| approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal(such as success) but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example bribery of public offficials |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation |
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Term
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Definition
| the sustem of police, courts and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the wealthy who own the means of production and buy the labor of the working class |
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Term
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Definition
| those people who sell their labor to the capitalist class |
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Term
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Definition
| the most desperate memebers of the working class, who have few skills, little job security, and are often unemployed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of realsed convicts who are rearrested |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes to which more sever penatlites are attached because they are motivated by hatred of someone's race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientaion, disability, or national origin |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of police, in the normal course of their duties to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| to make deviance of medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society or other group |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which some people own other people |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power. and prestige; according to Marx, one of two gropus: capitalists who own the means of production or workers whos ell their labor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| money recieved from a job, business, or assests |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others |
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Term
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Definition
| C. Writh Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military and policies that make the nation;s major decisions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class |
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Term
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Definition
| ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy |
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Term
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Definition
| social ranking; the position that someone occupies in soceity or social group |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the norms that usually guide their behavior |
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Term
| contradictory class locations |
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Definition
| Erik Wright's term for a position in the class stucture that generates contradictory intersts |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations |
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Term
| intergenerational mobility |
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Definition
| the change that gamily memebers make in social class from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| movement down the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| movement down the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change |
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Term
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Definition
| the official measure of peverty; calculated to include those incomes that are lesst han three times a low cost food budget |
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Term
| (the) feminization of poverty |
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Definition
| a trend in U.S. poverty whereby most poor families are headed by women |
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Term
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Definition
| forgoing something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| the belif that due to limitless possibilities anoyone can get ahead if he or she tires hard enough |
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Term
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Definition
| males' and females' unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of their sex |
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Term
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Definition
| biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or feminitity |
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Term
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Definition
| a society or group in which men dominate women; authority is vested in males |
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Term
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Definition
| a society in which women as a group dominate men as a group |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activites on behalf of this principle |
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Term
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Definition
| the mostly invisible barrier tha tkeeps women from advancing to the top levels at work |
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Term
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Definition
| the mostly invisible accelerators that push men into higher-level positions, more desirable work assignments, and higher salaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the abuse of one's positions of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone |
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Term
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Definition
| forcing a minority group to move |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy of pupulation elminination, including forcible explusion and genocide |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy of econmically exploiting minority groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy ofkeeping racial or ethnic groups apart |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of b eing absorbed into the mainstram culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a philosophy or political policy that permits or encourages ethnic difference |
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Term
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Definition
| white anglo-saxon protestant; narrowly, an American of english descent; broadly, an American of western European ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| white immigrants to the Unted States whose cultures differ from that of WASPs |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense that better conditions are soon to follow, which, if unfulfilled, increases frustration |
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Term
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Definition
| a movement that focuses on common elements in the cultures of Native Americans in order to develop a cross-tribal self- identity and to work toward the welfare of all Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of economy in which human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorstein Veblen's term for a change from the Protestant ethic to an eagerness to show off wealth by the consumption of goods |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which people place a value on goods and servies in order to make an exchange, for exmaple, currency, gold, and silver |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct exchange of one item for another |
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Term
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Definition
| any item that serves as a medium of exchange; today, currency is the most common form |
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Term
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Definition
| a receipt stating that a certain amount of goods is on deposit in a warehaouse or bank; the receipt is used as a form of money |
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Definition
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Definition
| the goods that are storied and held in reserve that back up a currency |
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Definition
| paper money backed by gold |
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Term
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Definition
| currency issued by a government that is not backed by stored value |
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Term
| gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Definition
| the amount of goods and servies produced by a nation |
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Definition
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Definition
| a device that allows its owner to purchase goods and to be billed later |
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Term
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Definition
| a device that allows its owner to charge purchases against his or her bank account |
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Term
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Definition
| digital money that is stored on computers |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition |
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Term
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Definition
| unrestrained manufacture and trade |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which individuals own the means of production but the state regulates many economic activites for the welfare of the population |
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Definition
| laws and regulations that limit the capacity to manufacture and sell products |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of an entire industry by a single company |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive |
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Term
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Definition
| the law of supply and demand |
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Term
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Definition
| a hybrid economic system in which capitalism is mixed with state ownership |
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Definition
| the condition of having to work at a job beneath one's level of training and ablilities, or of being able to to find only part-time work |
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Definition
| the view as capitalist and socialist economic systems each adopt features of the other, a hybrid economic system term will emerge |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for the unity for the unity that people feel as a result of perfomring the same or similar tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs |
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Definition
| the joint owndership of a business enterprise, whose liabilities and obligations are separate from those of its ownders |
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Definition
| the domination of the economic system by giant corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| the refusal of a corporation's stock holders to rubber-stamp decisions made by its managers |
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Term
| multinational corporations |
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Definition
| companies that operate across national boundaries; also called transnational corporations |
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Definition
| the control of an entire industry by several large companies |
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Definition
| the same people serving on the board of directors of several companies |
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Definition
| the fundamental changes in society that follow when vast numbers of women enter the work force |
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Definition
| exchanges of goods and services that are not reported to the government and thereby escape taxation |
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Term
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Definition
| time not taken up by work or required activities |
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