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| A group of people, usually young |
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| Friendship circles, whose members identify one another as mutually connected. |
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| Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group which it occurs. |
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| Behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions |
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| A violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people. |
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| Refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws to discourage deviance. |
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| The systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons. |
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| A social condition in which people experience a sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent, or conflicting. |
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| What was Emile Durkheim's perspective on devianc (Functionalists)? |
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| Believed that deviance was rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. Believed that the less social integration we had, the more deviance and crime. Deviance is a natural and inevitable thing. |
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| Robert Merton's term for when people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. |
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| What are Merton's ways in which people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them? |
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| Conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion |
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| Merton. Occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means. |
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| Merton. occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means of achieving them. For example--theft and drug dealing. |
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| Merton. occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means of achieving them. |
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| Merton. occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved mean of achieving them. for example -- skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts. |
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| Merton. occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved meas for achieving them, and advocate an alternative set of goals or means. violence. |
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| Illegitimate Opportunity Structures |
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| Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin -- Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels. |
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| devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income. |
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| emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities. |
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| unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones. |
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| Persons who have been marginalized. |
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| Members of stigmatized groups. |
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| Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| States that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. |
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| Differential Reinforcement Theory |
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Definition
| Suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes. |
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| Rational Choice Theory of Deviance |
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| Deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions. |
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| The proposition that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken. |
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| THe proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others. |
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| refers to the initial act of rule breaking. |
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| OCcurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior. |
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| Occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant. |
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| Major crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault. |
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| Minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail. |
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| Consists of actions-murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault-involving force or the threat of force against others. |
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