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| Collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. |
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| A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. |
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| A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender. |
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| A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity. |
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| A group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility. |
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| Group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member. |
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| A web of social relationships that links one person with other people and, through them, with other people they know. |
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| According to functionalists... |
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| people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs. |
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| The groups works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal. |
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| Conflict theorists suggest... |
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| Groups also involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served. |
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| Symbolic Interactionists focus... |
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| How the size of a group influences the kind of interaction that takes place among members. |
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| generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships. |
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| Postmodernists who believes that people experience a waning of emotion in organizations where fragmentation and superficiality are a way of live. |
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| A collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously. |
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| Suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups. |
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| A group composed of two members. |
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| A group composed of three members. |
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| alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. |
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| How many members a group actually has. |
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| How many members a group has potential to have. |
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| Functionalists perspective on leadership functions. |
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| if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs. |
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| Goal or task oriented leadership. |
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| Provides emotional support for members. |
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| Make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members. |
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| Encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building. |
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| Leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions. |
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| The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group. |
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| Conformity. If somebody knew something was right but everybody else said it was wrong, they would choose what everyone else did even if it wasn't the obvious right answer. |
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| Used Shocks to see how far a teacher would go while influence by a higher authority. Not ethical. |
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| Did research on if a lower student would follow a higher student if left alone with a female representative. Sexual Harassment. |
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| Examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity. |
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| The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. |
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| A belief that the purpose of all action should be to bring about the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. |
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| Said that individuals who are allowed to make economic decisions free from the external constraints of government will make the best decisions not only for themselves but also for the entire society. |
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| Based on the assumption that social life can be explained by using models of rational individual action. |
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| Said That Actors and Resources are important factors in rational choice. |
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| A highly structures secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner. |
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| Came up with normative, coercive, and utilitarian. |
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| Join this when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member. Such as political parties, ecological activists groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities. |
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| Associations that people are forced to join. Such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals. |
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| Utilitarian Organizations |
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| We join these when they can provide us with a material reward we seek. Such as college, work. |
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| An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters. |
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| According to Max Weber, the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures. |
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| An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy) |
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| Informal Side of a Bureaucracy |
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| Those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy. |
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| focused on functional aspects of informal groups. Suggested that organizations are cooperative systems in which informal groups "oil the wheels" by providing understanding and motivation for participants. |
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| Occurs when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals. |
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| Robert Merton's term that describes those worker who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly. |
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| Used the term trained incapacity to characterize situations in which workers have become so highly specialized, or have been given such fragmented jobs to do, that they are unable to come up with creative solutions to problems. |
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| Robert Michels name for the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few. |
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