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| The process by which people act toward or respond to other people. |
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| The complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior. |
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| Large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. |
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| Functionalists emphasize that... |
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| Social Structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. |
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| Conflict Theorists maintain... |
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| There is more to social structure than is readily visible and that we must explore the deeper, underlying structures that determine social relations in a society. |
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| The way economic production is organized is the most important structural aspect of any society. |
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| State of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure. |
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| Any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance. |
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| A socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties. |
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| A social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender. |
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| Social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort. |
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| The most important status that a person occupies. |
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| Material signs that inform others of a person's specific status. |
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| Refers to news stories that focus primarily on statistics about the homeless population and recent trends in homelessness. |
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| Presents public issues such as poverty and homelessness as concrete events, showing them to be specific instances that occur more or less in isolation. |
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| A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. |
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| A group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played. |
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| How a person actually plays the role. |
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| Occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time. |
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| Role Conflict can sometimes be attributed not to the roles themselves but to the pressures people feel when they do not fit into culturally prescribed roles. Studied women athletes in college sports programs. |
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| Occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies. |
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| Occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance. |
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| Occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity. |
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| Studied Role Exit by interviewing ex-convicts, ex-nuns, retirees, divorced men and women, and others who had exited voluntarily from significant social roles. |
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| Doubt- People experience frustration or burnout when they reflect on their existing roles. |
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| Search For Alternative- People may take a leave of absence form their work or temporarily separate from their marriage partner. |
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| Turning Point-People realize that they must take some final action, such as quitting their job or getting a divorce. |
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| Creation of new identity. |
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| Consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence. |
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| A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. |
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| Larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationship for a limited period of time. |
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| Group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. |
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| Series of social relationship that links an individual to others. |
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| found that homeless men have fragile social networks that are plagues with instability. |
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| Found that a high degree of social isolation exists because the homeless are separated from their extended family and former friends. |
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| Highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals. |
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| Set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. |
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| Functional Theorists emphasize that ___________ because they perform 5 essential tasks. |
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1 task according to the functional theorists
Societies and groups must have socially approved ways of replacing members who move away or die. |
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1 task according to the functional theorists
People who are born into a society or move into it must learn the group's values and customs. |
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| Producing, distributing, and consuming goods |
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1 task according to the functional theorists
All societies must provide and distribute goods and services for their members. |
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1 task according to the functional theorists
Every group or society must preserve order within its boundaries and protect itself from attack by outsiders. |
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| Providing and Maintaining A Sense Of Purpose |
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1 task according to the functional theorists
In order to motivate people to cooperate with one another, a sense of purpose is needed. |
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| What do conflict believe in Social Institutions that Functionalists don't? |
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| That social institutions don't work for the common good of everyone in society. |
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| The methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily live. |
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| The changes that occur as a society gains new technology. |
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| Hunting and Gathering Societies |
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| Use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation. Do not have private households or residences. They live in small groups of about 25 to 40 people. Remain on the move for more food. Share the food. Communists. Religion is based on animism. and the shaman exercises some degree of leadership but receives no material rewards for it. |
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| Belief that spirits inhabit everything in the world. |
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| Based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food, typically emerging in mountainous regions and areas with low amounts of annual rainfall. Gender inequality towards men is common. Religion is based on belief in a god or gods, who are believed to take an active role in human affairs. |
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| Based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food. Gender equality is common. Religion is based on ancestor worship. |
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| Use the technology large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply. Started in Mesopotamia and Egypt and slightly later in China. Allowed people to spend entire lives in one location. Surplus of food allowed people to live in city and not be directly involved in food production. Major social inequality (landlords and peasants). Gender inequality is rampant also. In advanced societies, they are monotheists. |
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| Based on technology that mechanized production. Social institutions are transformed. Social inequality is a problem. |
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| Societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy. Large numbers of people either provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs. Education is them most important social institution. |
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| Preindustrial societies are held together by strong traditions and by the members' shared moral beliefs and values. Social solidarity derives from a society's social structure, which, in turn, is based on the society's division of labor. Mechanical or Organic solidarity. |
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| How the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed. |
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| Social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. |
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| Social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence. |
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| Used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies. |
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| Traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. Based on ascribed status rather than achieved status. |
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| Large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Based on achieved status, not ascribed status. |
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Explained homelessness in Gesellschaft
1.rooted in poverty; overwhelmingly, homeless people are poor people who come from poor families. "homelessness is a phenomenon, the direct result of a steady, across-the-board lowering of the standard of living of the working class and lower class. |
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| Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on homelessness |
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| Microsociological approach, asking how social institutions affect our daily lives. |
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| Describes shared meaning in his observation about two pedestrians approaching each other on a public sidewalk. He noted that each will tend to look at the other just long enough to acknowledge the other's presence. By the time they are about eight feet away from each other, both individuals will look downward. |
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| Goffman's word to refer to the behavior of the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. |
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| Regulates the form and process (but not the content) of social interaction. |
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| Found that women frequently do not perceive street encounters to be "routine" rituals. They fear for their personal safety and try to avoid comments and propositions that are sexual in nature when they walk down the street. |
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| Symbolic Interactionists believe that there is very little shared _______ beyond that which is socially created. |
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| Social Construction of Reality |
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| Symbolic Interactionists refer to this as the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. |
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| Definition of the Situation |
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| We analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly. |
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| A false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. |
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| Studied "Pacific City's" Skid Row. Wanted to know how people who live or work on skid row (a run-down area found in all cities) felt about it. Found that homeless persons living on skid row evaluated it very differently from the social workers who dealt with them there. On the one hand, many of the social workers "saw" skid row as a smelly, depressing area filled with men who were "down-and-out", alcoholic, and often physically, and mentally ill. On the other hand, the men who lived on skid row did not see it in such a negative light. They experienced some degree of satisfaction with there "bottle clubs and a remarkably indomitable and creative spirit"--at least initially. |
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| Points out that the term "Standard North American Family" (meaning a heterosexual two-parent family) is an ideological code promulgated by the dominant group to identify how people's family life should be arranged. This code plays a powerful role in determining how people in organizations such as the government and schools believe that a family should be. |
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| "reality" may be viewed differently by African American women and other historically oppressed groups when compared to the perspectives of dominant-group members. Mainstream, dominant-group members sometimes fail to realize how much they could learn about "reality" from "outsiders". |
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| The study of the common-sense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves. |
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| Initiated the Ethnomethodology term. Ethno for people. Methodology for a "system of methods". Critical of mainstream sociology for not recognizing the ongoing ways in which people create reality and produce their own world. Did an experiment that made his students go out and break unwritten rules to see how people responded. |
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| The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical performance. |
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| Coined Dramaturgical Analysis and Impression Management. Face-Saving Behavior. Studied nonobservance. suggested that demeanor (how we behave or conduct ourselves) is relative to social power) |
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| Impression Management (presentation of self) |
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| People's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interest or image. |
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| Strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face. |
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| face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved. |
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| the area where a player performs a specific role before an audience. |
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| The area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience. |
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| Suggests that we acquire a set of feeling rules that shaped the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation. These rules include how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. |
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| occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind. |
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| suggested that when we "sell our personality" in the course of selling goods or services, we engage in a seriously self-alienating process. In other words, the "commercialization" of our feelings may be dehumanize our work role performance and create alienation and contempt that spill over into other aspects of our life. |
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| The transfer of information between persons without the use of words. |
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| the symbolic means by which subordinates give a required permissive response to those in power; it confirms the existence of inequality and reaffirms each person's relationship to the other. |
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| Found that the domestics were supposed to show deference by averting their eyes when they talked to their employers. |
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| Attributed the pattern of girls being more touched than guys to power differentials between men and to the nature of women's roles as mothers, nurses, teachers, and secretaries. |
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| Duration, intensity, frequency, and the body parts. |
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| analyzed the physical distance between people speaking to each other and found that the amount of personal space that people prefer varies from one culture to another. |
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| The immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private. |
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