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Definition
| Marx's term for the struggle between the capitalists, who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who do no |
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Definition
| a theoretical perspective that portrays society as always changing and always marked by conflict |
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| searching for specific words or ideas and then turning them into numbers |
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| the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable |
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Definition
| the idea that to understand society, we should deconstruct it, or take it apart, along with anything associated with it |
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| a method of observation in which the researcher observes as an outsider, from a distance, without getting involved |
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| the interrelationship among the world's economics |
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| an analysis of peoples lives from their own perspectives |
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| a research operation in which the researcher manipulates variables so that their influence can be determined |
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| the group that is exposed fro the independent variable |
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| A form of conflict theory that explains human life in terms of the experiences of women |
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| Functionalist perspective |
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Definition
| a theoretical perspective that focuses on social order |
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Definition
| a closely knit community of all the worlds societies |
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| a tentative statement about how various events are related to one another |
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| a function that is unintended and often unrecognized |
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| a viewthat focuses on the large social phenomena of society, such as social institutions and inequality |
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| A function that is intended and seems obvious |
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| a form of social cohesion that develops when people do similar work and have similar beliefs and values |
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Definition
| a view that focuses on the immediate social situations in which people interact with one another |
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| a type of social cohesion that arises when people in a society perform a wide variety of specialized jobs and, therefore, have to depend on one another |
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Definition
| the practice of producing inexpensive products by building factories and hiringworkers abroad |
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Definition
| A method of observation in ehich the researcher takes part in the activities of the group being studied |
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| A system of domination in which men exercise power over women |
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Definition
| the entire group of people to be studied |
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Definition
| a sample drawn in such a way that all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected |
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| a relatively small number of people selected from a larger population |
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| Searching for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher or a public agency |
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| a condition in which most members of society agree on what is good for everybody to have and cooperate to achieve |
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| Forces that arise from the society of ehich we are a part |
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| the degree to which people are tied to a social group |
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| being excluded from mainstream society |
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| Mills's term for the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals, especially on their private lives |
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Definition
| systematic, scientific study of human society |
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Definition
| the process of drawing a random sample in which various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population |
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Definition
| An interview in which the researcher asks standerdized questions that require respondents to choose from among several standardized answers |
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Definition
| research method that involves asking questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors |
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| Symbolic Interactionist Perspective |
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Definition
| Theoretical perspective that directs our attention to the details of a specific situation and of the interaction between individuals in that situation |
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Definition
| process of drawing a random sample systematically rather than haphazardly |
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| set of general assumptions about the nature of society |
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| A set of logically related hypotheses that explains the relationship among various phenomena |
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| An interview in which openended questions are asked and the respondent is allowed to answer freely in his or her own words. |
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| Status that is attained through an individuals own actions |
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| View of the world from the standpoint of African culture |
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Definition
| society that produces food promarily by using plows and draft animals on the farm |
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| Status that one has no control over, such as status based on race, gender, or age |
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| idea that is relatively subjective, unreliable, or univerifiable |
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Definition
| joinging of various values into a coherent whole |
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| belief that a culture must ne understood on its own terms |
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| practices found in all cultures as the means for meeting the same human needs |
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| Design for living or a complex whole consisting of objects, values, and other characteristics that people acquire as members of society |
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Definition
| Attitude that ones own culture is superior to those of other peoples |
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| A view of the world from the standpoint of European culture |
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| Weak norms that specify expectations about proper behavior |
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Definition
| society that produces food primarily by growing plants in small gardens |
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Term
| Hunting-gathering Society |
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Definition
| society that hunts animals and gathers plants as its primary meand for survival |
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Definition
| society that produces food for its subsistence primarily by using machinery |
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Definition
| Collection of relatively objective ideas and facts about the physical and social worlds |
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Definition
| Norms that are specified formally in writing and backed by the power of the state |
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| a status that dominates a relationship |
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| Every COnceivable kind of physical object produced by humans |
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Definition
| strong norms that specify normal behavior and constitute demands, not just expectations |
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| A state in which all subcultures in the same society are equal to one another |
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| the intangible aspect of Culture |
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| A social rule that specifies how people should behave |
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Definition
| a society that domesticates and herds animals as its primary source of food |
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Definition
| a society that produces food so efficiently that high technology and service industry dominate |
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Definition
| The expectation held by society regarding how an individual with a particular status should behave |
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Definition
| a group whose members interact informally, relate to each other as whole persons, and enjoy their relationship for it own sake |
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Definition
| a set of expectations of what individuals should do in accordance with a particular status that they hold |
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Definition
| Conflict between the roles of two different statuses being played simultaneously |
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Definition
| Actual performance of a role |
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Definition
| An array of roles attached to one particular status |
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Definition
| Stress caused by incompatible demands from the roles of a single status |
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Definition
| a reward for conformity to norms or punishment for violation of norms |
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Definition
| a group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other |
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Definition
| A number of people who happen to be in one place but do not interact with one another |
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| A colleciton of people who interact with one another and have a certain feeling of unity |
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Definition
| a set of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures necessary for meeting the basic needs of a society |
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| A collection of interacting individuals sharing the same way of life and living in the same territory |
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Definition
| a new Darwinian theory that human behavior is genetically determined |
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Definition
| the process of changing from a technologically simple society to a more complex one, with significant consequences for social and cultural life |
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Definition
| a position in a group or society |
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Definition
| a condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings |
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Definition
| A status that does not dominate a relationship; the opposite of master status |
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Definition
| a word, gesture, music, or anything that stands for some other thing |
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Definition
| a socially shared idea about that is good, desirable, or important |
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Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Definition
| THe process by which an individual learns to assume a role in the future |
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Definition
| The capacity for developing physical or social skills |
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Term
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Definition
| Kolhberg's term for the practice of defining right and wrong according to the motive of the action being judged |
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Term
| DEvelopment Cosicalization |
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Definition
| the process by which people learn to be more competent in playing their currently assumed roles |
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Definition
| Freuds term for the part of personality that is rational, dealing with the world logically and realistically |
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Definition
| People's images of what they are socially expected to be and do on the basis of their sex |
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Definition
| Mead's term for people who do not have close ties to a child but who do influence the childs internalization of society's values |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the part of the personality that is irrational, concerned only with seeking pleasure |
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Definition
| The Capacity for mental or intellectual achievement |
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Definition
| cooley's term for the self-image that we develop from the way others treat us |
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Definition
| A group whose members are about the same age and have similar interests |
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Definition
| a fairly stable sonfiguration of feelings, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors that characterizes an individual |
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Term
| Postconventioanl Morality |
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Definition
| Kolhberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms |
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Term
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Definition
| Kolhberg's term for the practice of defining right and wrong according to the acnsequences fo the action being judged |
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Term
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Definition
| the process bu which people are forced to abandon their old selves and to develop new ones |
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Definition
| Mead's term for people who have close ties to a child and exert a strong influence on the child |
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Definition
| the process by which a society transmits its cultural values to its members |
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Definition
| Freuds term for the part of personality that is more; popularly known as consience |
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Term
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Definition
| Places where people are not only cut off from the larger society but also rigidly controlled by the administrators |
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Definition
| An interaction in which two individuals follow mutually accepted rules, each trying to achieve the same goal before the other does |
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Definition
| An interaction in which two individuals disregard any rules, each trying to achieve his or her own goal by defeating the other |
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Definition
| An interaction in which two or more individuals work together to achieve a common goal |
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Definition
| A method of analyzing social interaction as if the participants were performing on a stage |
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| The analysis of how people define the world in which They live |
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Definition
| An interaction in which two individuals offer each other something in order to obtain a reward in return |
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| Linguistic styles that reflect the different worlds of women and men |
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Definition
| the study of practice of humor |
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Definition
| Form of interaction in which the participants perform certain acts to show reverence to each other |
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Definition
| The use of body movements as a means of communication; also called body language |
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Definition
| an interaction in which the participants treat each other as competitors or enemies |
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Definition
| The use of space as a means of communication |
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Definition
| Separating role-playing as outward performance from the inner self |
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| Social construction of reality |
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Definition
| THe process by which people create through social interaction a certian idea, feelings, or belief about their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals act toward and react to others |
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Definition
| An interaction in which people actively interpret each others actions and reactions and behave in accordance with the interpretation |
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Definition
| Sociologist W. I. THomas's famous pronouncement that "if people define situaitons as real, they are real in their consequences |
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Definition
| Social condition in which norms are absent, weak, or in comflict |
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Definition
| An act that is considered by public consensus, or by the powerful at a given place and time, to be a violation of some social rule |
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Definition
| the process of acquiring, through interaction with other,"an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions infavorable to violation of law |
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Definition
| Process by which the wrongdoer is punished to such a way as to be stimatized, rejected, or ostracized |
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Term
| Marginal Surplus Population |
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Definition
| Marxist term for unemployeed workers who are superfluous or useless to the economy |
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Definition
| the mental problem characterized by a persistent fear, anxiety, or worry about trivial matters |
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Definition
| Norm violations that a person commits for the first time and without considering them deviant |
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| the mental problem typified by loss of touch with reality |
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Definition
| Coercive sex that involves the ise of force to get a women to do something sexual against her will |
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Definition
| Making wrongdoers feel guilty while showing them inderstanding, forgiviness, or even respect |
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Definition
| Feeling unable to achieve relatively high aspirations |
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Definition
| Repeated norm violations that the violators themselves recognize as deviant |
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Definition
| the lack of minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life |
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Definition
| a relatively rigid stratification system in which peoples positions are ascribed and fixed |
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Definition
| a relatively open stratification system in which people's positions are achieved and changes able |
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Definition
| the theory that rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain, thereby perpetuating poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on rich nations |
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Definition
| A huge number of women bearing the burden of poverty, mostly as single mothers or heads of families |
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Definition
| Movement form one job to another within the same status category |
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Definition
| SOcial mobility related to an individuals personal achievement and characteristics |
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Term
| Intergenertional mobility |
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Definition
| Change in social standing from one generation to the next |
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Term
| Intragenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| A change in an individuals social standing |
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Definition
| the changing relationship between economic development and social inequality, named after its discover, Simon Kuznets |
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Definition
| likelihood of living a good, long, successful life in society |
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Definition
| tastes, preferences, and ways of living |
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Definition
| THe economic control exercised by rich nations over their former colonies |
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Definition
| Method of identifying social Classes using occupations, income, and educaiton to arank people |
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Definition
| the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will |
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Definition
| A small group of top leaders not just from business corporations but also from the federal government and the military |
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Definition
| A state of deprivation resulting from having less then the majority of the people have |
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Definition
| THe method of identifying social class by selecting a group of people and asking them to rank others |
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Definition
| a category of people who have about the same amount of income, power, and prestige |
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Definition
| movement from one social standing to another |
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Definition
| the system in which some people get more or fewer rewards than others |
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Definition
| The condition in which the same idividual is given two conflicting status rankings |
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Definition
| a system in which people are stratified according to their social prestige |
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Definition
| social mobility related to changes society |
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Definition
| the method of identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves |
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Definition
| Moving up or down the status ladder |
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