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SOC301: Cultural Anthropology
Bradley University SOC301 Twisted Histories and Altered Contexts (Exam 3)
61
Sociology
Undergraduate 3
12/08/2009

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Term
power
Definition
a generalized capacity to transform
Term
polyandry
Definition
a pattern in which one woman is married to more than one man at a time (the rarest of the three marriage patterns)
Term
social stratification
Definition
a permanent, inherited inequality between the various component groups of which the society is composed
Term
cultural imperialism
Definition
a situation in which the ideas and practices of one culture are imposed upon other cultures, which may be modified or eliminated as a result
Term
ascribed status
Definition
a status over which you have little control
Term
achieved status
Definition
a status that you have worked for a/o earned
Term
egalitarian
Definition
all (adult) members of the society had roughly equal access to valued resources, both material and social
Term
enthnography
Definition
an ethnographic monograph
Term
headman
Definition
an individual who may be the one chosen by their fellows to deal with outsiders in ambiguous or threatening situations
Term
cultural anthropology
Definition
another major subfield of anthropology
Term
complex societies
Definition
because of the elaborate division of labor and its hierarchical organization in stratified castes or classes
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
by living side by side with people with an unfamiliar set of beliefs and practices for an extended period of time learning the local language
Term
colonism
Definition
can be defined as political conquest of one society by another, followed by social domination and cultural change
Term
domination
Definition
can put a regime in power, but domination alone will not keep it in power
Term
emic
Definition
categories devised by native speakers-informants
Term
etic
Definition
categories devised by outside researchers
Term
ritual
Definition
certain repetitive social practices, many of which have nothing to do with religion
Term
lineage
Definition
composed of all those people who believe they can specify the parent-child links that connect then to one another through a common ancestor
Term
hegemony
Definition
control achieved by using a constant public show of force unnecessary
Term
class
Definition
describe ranked subgroups in a stratified society whose members are differentiated from one another primarily in economic terms
Term
participant-observation
Definition
fieldworkers gain insight into another way of life by taking part as fully as they can in a groups social activities as well as by observing those activities as outsiders
Term
forages
Definition
food collectors
Term
redistribution
Definition
goods flow towards this central point and are then redistributed among members of a society according to their cultural norms of what is appropriate
Term
reciprocity
Definition
governed exchange in small, face-to-face societies, especially those whose members lived by foraging
Term
society
Definition
humans must life with others, they can not survive as lone individuals so we all must live in one of these
Term
subsistence strategies
Definition
hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture
Term
internal colonization
Definition
in places where european settler colonies eventually broke from europe, as in north and south america, people imposed their culture on indigenous peoples with the borders of independent states
Term
neoliberalism
Definition
international institutions like the World Bank and IMF urge individual nation-states to pursue their own economic self-interest in competition with one another
Term
chiefdom
Definition
make use of the same forms of subsistence and kinship as tribes, but new social arrangements show the emergence of distinctions among lineages in terms of status or ranking
Term
polygyny
Definition
marriage pattern where one man is married to more than one woman at a time
Term
exogamy
Definition
marrying out of one's social group
Term
imagined community
Definition
members knowledge of each other does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but instead is based on their shared experiences with national institutions
Term
social mobility
Definition
movement by individuals out of the subgroup in which they were born
Term
original affluent society
Definition
not industrial capitalism but foraging
Term
rite of passage
Definition
one or more members of a society are ritually transformed from one kind of a social person into another
Term
persuasive power
Definition
ranges from the charisma of a religious prophet, to the formally proscribed but ubiquitous ability of weaker members of society to manipulate social rules to promote their own well-being
Term
gender
Definition
referred to the culturally constructed roles assigned to makes or females, which varies considerably from society to society
Term
agency
Definition
refers to individuals abilities to reflect systematically on taken-for-granted cultural practices to imagine alternatives, and to take independent actions to pursue goals of their own choosing
Term
culture
Definition
sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society
Term
caste
Definition
stratified societies in which membership in a particular ranked subgroup is ascribed at birth and social mobility is not allowed
Term
state
Definition
stratified societies with large populations and complex divisions of labor ordinarily are associated with the political form called:
Term
nation-states
Definition
that states and nations should coincide
Term
institutions
Definition
the clusters of social statuses and groups that share such a common focus
Term
ethnology
Definition
the comparative study of two or more ways of life
Term
globalization
Definition
the intensifying flow of capital, goods, people, images and ideas around the world
Term
cultural hybridization
Definition
the mixing and reconfiguring of elements from different culture traditions
Term
status
Definition
the name for each social position
Term
Band
Definition
the oldest human societies we know about archaeology depended on foraging, and the egalitarian political form associated with this mode of subsistence
Term
neocolonialism
Definition
the persisting relationships in absence of imperial political domination
Term
syncretism
Definition
the result is a creative synthesis of old religious practices and new ones introduced from the outside, often by force
Term
enculturation
Definition
the social processes through which children come to adopt the ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving considered appropriate for adults in their culture
Term
coercive power
Definition
the use of physical force
Term
big man
Definition
they are "big" because of their ability to use their personal persuasive skills to arrange complex regional public events that involve kin and neighbors
Term
dependency theory
Definition
they argued that poverty and "underdevelopment" were a consequence of capitalist colonial intervention in otherwise thriving independence societies, and not some original lowly state in which colonized territories had been languishing until the colonizers arrived
Term
leveling mechanisms
Definition
they shrink gaps between rich and poor
Term
race
Definition
thought to be distinct biological subpopulations, or even subspecies, of humanity
Term
nation
Definition
to identify a social group whoes members saw themselves as a single people because of shared ancestry, culture, language, or history
Term
holistic
Definition
trying to fit together all that is known about human beings
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
using the practices of your own 'people' as a yardstick to measure how well the customs of other different peoples measure up
Term
extensive agriculture
Definition
when a lot of land is needed to support so few people
Term
clan
Definition
when members of a descent group believe that they are in some way connected but cannot specify the precise genealogical links
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