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| When banks, government agencies, and insrance companies refuse to make loans home and small business loans and insure property in poor and minority neighborhoods |
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| aleast one and five homes live below the poverty line |
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| at least 2 in 5 households live below the poverty line |
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| the redevolpment of poor and working class urban neighborhoods into middle and upper calss encalves; often involves displacement or origanl residents |
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| Landlords by property in poor nighboorhoods for rent income. they do not maintain these properties because to do so would lower profits |
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| the withholding of apartments from the housing market by speculators who hope to sell them a profit to developers |
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| the inability of central city residents most in need of decent jobs to reach them on the urban fringe because they cannot to operate a private automobile and the public transportation is inasquate. Moving to the urabn fringe is not an option because of the housing costs and racial segergation. to the extent that jons and job growth occur in one place- afflunet white areas-blacks or lations are restricted to another, this mismatch is a form of spatial apaertheid |
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| the tendency for poor and minority areas in cities and metropolitain areas to be the targets of disporportionate share of illeagal dumping and the sites where most toxic and hazardous waste is disposed: these communties also suffer compared to more affulent white communties, from lax enforcement of enviromental regulations and laws |
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| the practice in undersaffed and underfinaced public hospitols of treating the most urgent emergenceis first delaying treatment of other cases |
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| when oppertunties are not there in the regular economy people turn to an alternate economy for surivavl. the informal econmy is often illegal activity involving crime and drug trafficing |
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| The movement of upper middle class, iddle class, and working class from the central cities to the suburbs |
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| a suburban city of atleast 100000 taht has exiperenced double-digit growth each decade sicen it became urban |
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| low-density car-dependent out side the central city |
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| the nonmetropoliton population that resides in small cities and the open country side |
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| shantytown settlements of latino immigrants |
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| standard of living below the minimum needed for the maintence of adequate diet, health, and shelter |
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| Offical poverty line or threshhold |
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| arbitary line computed by multipulying the cost of a basic nutritionally adequate diet by three |
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| a trend for contemporary women to be more economically vulnerable then men. this view obscures the fact that women always been poorer then men especially older women and women of color |
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| poor who are displaced by new technologieas or whose jobs have moved away to the suburbs, other regions of the country or out of the country. they have less hope of escaping poverty then did the old poor |
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| poor of an eariler generation, who had hopes of breaking out of poverty because unskilled and semiskilled jobs were plentyful |
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| people who work but remain below the poverty threshold |
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| peple whose incomes are above the poverty threshholds but below 125 percent of that threshold |
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| people whose cash incomes are at half the poverty line or less |
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| Personal Resonsibilty and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act PRWORA |
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| 1996, reformed the welfare system. shifted welfare from federal government to the states, mandated that welfare recipients find work within 2 years; limited welfare assistacne 5 years; and cut various |
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| government monies and servies provided to the poor |
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| government subdidies to the nonpoor |
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| tax that remains the same for all people rich or poor. the result is that the poor people pay a larger proportion of their wealth than affluent people |
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| belief that takes place in people in the social stratification system is a function of their ability and effort |
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| social classification based on ability |
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| belief that some individuals are poor, criminals, or school dropouts because they have a flaw within them, which ignors the socail factors affecting their behaviors |
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| event that occurs because it is predicted. That is, the prohecy is fulfilled because people alter their behavior to conform to the prediction. |
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| culture of povery hypothesis |
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| view that the poor are qualitatively different in values and lifesyles from the rest of society and that these cultural differences explain continued poverty |
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| institutional discrimination |
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| when the socail arrangemnts and accepted ways of doing things in society disadvantage minority groups. |
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| the process by which indivduals or groups adopt the culture of another group losing their original idenity |
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| the people bron in the 15 year peroid following WWII, wena an extraordanary number of babies were born in the U.S |
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| taxing at a set percentage,which takes a larger porption of the wealth from the poor than the non poor |
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| the porportion of the population who work compared to the porportion who do not work |
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| the approach in a healthy facility that focuses on meeting the needs of residents |
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| the approach in a health facility that focus on meeting the needs of the institution, resulting in poor-quality care for the patients |
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| bean pole family structure |
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| the family structure in which the number of living generations within linkages increases, but there is an intergeneratiosl contraction in the number of members within each generation |
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| parents cre for both their parents and children simultaneouly |
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| the devalution of and the discrimination against the elderly |
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| people are agents and actors who cope with, adapt to, and change social structures to meet their needs |
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| the response by some people to the againg proces of retreating from reationships, orgainiztions, and socitey |
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| 2 fastest growing moniroties |
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