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SOC141
Introduction to Sociology
102
Social Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2013

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Term
What is the definition of sociology?
Definition
Sociology is the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the
consequences of difference.
Term
What is the sociological imagination?
Definition
C. Wright Mills described the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography.
Term
What is Social Inequality?
Definition
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or
power.
Term
How has Karl Marx defined Social Inequality?
Definition
For Marx, social inequality is determined by ownership, or lack thereof, of key material
resources.
Term
What is Max Weber’s theory of power and authority?
Definition
Weber argued that who has power was determined not only by social
class and control of material resources, but also by—among others—social status and
organizational resources.
Term
What is Erving Goffman's theory of dramaturgical approach?
Definition
Goffman said that the dramaturgical approach compares everyday life to the setting of the theater and stage and sees people as theatrical performers.
Term
What are the functionalist perspectives of sociology?
Definition
The functionalist perspective views society as akin to a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival.
Term
What are the conflict perspectives of
sociology?
Definition
The conflict perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources in society.
Term
What is the scientific method?
Definition
(1) defining the problem,
(2) reviewing the literature,
(3) formulating the hypothesis,
(4) selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing the data, and
(5) developing a
conclusion based on the findings of the research.
Term
What are Hypothesis and Variables?
Definition
A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.
Term
What are Dependent and Independent variables?
Definition
The variable that brings about change is called the
independent variable. The variable that is affected is called the dependent variable.
Term
What are Measures of validity and reliability?
Definition
Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. Reliability refers to the extent to which a
measure produces consistent results.
Term
What is a Correlation?
Definition
A correlation is a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
Term
Define Experiments.
Definition
Experiments are artificially created
situations that allow researchers to manipulate variables.
Term
What are variables?
Definition
Variables are measurable traits or
characteristics that are subject to change under different conditions.
Term
Definition of Culture.
Definition
the totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. We construct
culture through which we establish relationships to the natural world and to each other.
Term
Definition of Society.
Definition
Society consists of the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of
social interaction.
Term
What is Globalization?
Definition
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
Term
What are Laws?
Definition
Laws are formal norms enforced by the state.
Term
What are Mores?
Definition
Mores are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, and each society demands obedience to its mores.
Term
What are sanctions?
Definition
Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
Term
What is Ethnocentrism?
Definition
Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to
assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Term
Explain Nature vs. Nurture.
Definition
Sociologists argue that the rules we follow, the language we speak, and the values we believe in have
less to do with our DNA (nature) than with the cultural context into which we emerge (nurture).
Term
What is the process of socialization?
Definition
Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors
appropriate for members of a particular culture.
Term
What is Cooley’s Looking Glass Self?
Definition
That we become who we are based on how we think others see us.
Term
What are gender roles?
Definition
Gender roles are expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
Term
What are the concepts and ideas of Erving Goffman?
Definition
Goffman offered the dramaturgical approach, which studies interaction as if we were all actors on a stage. He also suggested that many of our daily activities involve impression management-altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.
Term
What are Bowles and Gintis theories regarding the focus of
schools.
Definition
The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to prepare students for the types of jobs typically held by members of their class.
Term
What is The life course theory?
Definition
Sociologists who take a life course approach look closely at the social factors, including gender and income, that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death.
Term
What is the definition of Social Interaction?
Definition
A reciprocal exchange in which two or more people, read, react, and respond to each other.
Term
Definition of Status
Definition
The social positions we occupy relative to others.
Term
Definition of Role taking
Definition
The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint.
Term
Definition of Primary Group
Definition
A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
Term
Definition of Social Institutions
Definition
An organized patter of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
Term
How inequality is reinforced?
Definition
Term
Definition of Social Control
Definition
The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
Term
What are Laws?
Definition
Formal norms enforced by the state.
Term
Definition of Deviance
Definition
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
Term
What is Robert Merton’s anomie theory of deviance?
Definition
Term
What is Edwin Sutherland’s theory of criminal behavior?
Definition
Term
What is the Labeling theory?
Definition
Term
Definition of nuclear family
Definition
A married couple and their unmarried children living together.
Term
What is the Functionalist theory of the family?
Definition
Term
What is the Functionalist theory of the family?
Definition
Term
What is the Power distribution in the family?
Definition
Term
Explain Alice Rossi and parenthood.
Definition
Term
Define Dual-Income familiies
Definition
A family in which both parents earn an income.
Term
Define Divorce and remarriage.
Definition
Divorce is separating from a spouse and remarriage is marrying after a divorce.
Term
Definition of domestic partnership.
Definition
Two unrelated adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses and other common necessities.
Term
Explain Jonathan Kozol and education
Definition
He argues that wealthier districts have the money to offer programs and facilities that poor districts cannot hope to match.
Term
Definition of hidden curriculum
Definition
Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.
Term
Explain Funding for public schools
Definition
Funding comes mostly from local and state governments, each contributing approximately 45%. The Fed Gov. provides about 9%.
Term
Substantive definition of religion
Definition
A social institution dedicated to establishing a shared sense of identity, encouraging social integration, and offering believers a sense of meaning and purpose.
Term
Explain New religious movements vs. cults.
Definition
A small, alternative faith community that represents either a new religion or a major innovation in an existing faith.
Term
Explain Karl Marx and religion
Definition
Marx described religion as an "opiate" that was particularly harmful to oppressed peoples.
Term
What are the Two types of economic systems?
Definition
Capitalism and Socialism.
Term
Definition of capitalism
Definition
An economic system based on private property in which profit-seeking individuals, companies and corporations compete in the marketplace.
Term
Explain Max Weber on power and authority
Definition
Power is the ability to exercise one's will over others even if they resist. Authority is power that is recognized as legitimate by the people over whom it is exercised.
Term
What is the Responsibility of a political system?
Definition
To implement and achieve societies goals.
Term
Explain The pluralist model and criticisms of it.
Definition
A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.
Term
Definition of class system
Definition
A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility.
Term
Karl Marx and the primary mode of economic production?
Definition
Term
Explain Max Weber and stratification.
Definition
Term
Explain the Measures of social class.
Definition
Term
What is the Percent of wealth held by 1% of the population?
Definition
Term
Explain Feminization of poverty
Definition
Term
Explain the Social mobility and the occupational strucure.
Definition
Term
Explain Domination of the world market place
Definition
Term
Explain Modernization AND the World Systems Theory
Definition
The far reaching process by which nations pass from traditional forms of social organization toward those characteristic of post industrial revolution societies.
Term
What is the Dependency Theory?
Definition
An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.
Term
What is Female Genital Mutilation?
Definition
What was done to woman who was promiscuous so that no man would want her.
Term
What is Declaration of Human Rights?
Definition
A listing of basic human rights.
Term
What are Gender Roles?
Definition
Expectations regarding the proper behavior attitudes, and activities of males or females.
Term
What is the glass ceiling theory?
Definition
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.
Term
What is the second shift concept of Hochschild?
Definition
Term
Explain the Status of women around the world
Definition
Term
Explain Same-sex experiences for those under 24
Definition
Term
Explain Married working women.
Definition
More women are working outside of the home than in the past.
Term
Definition of minority group and racial group
Definition
A subordinate group whose members, even if they represent a numeric majority, have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Term
Definition of racism
Definition
The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior.
Term
Definition of discrimination
Definition
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons.
Term
What are the Glass Ceiling Commission findings?
Definition
Term
Definition of Affirmative Action
Definition
Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
Term
Definition of Genocide
Definition
The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
Term
Definition of human ecology
Definition
The area of study concerned with the interrelationships between people and their environments.
Term
Explain Human ecological approach
Definition
Term
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
Definition
A world agreement that is enforced by law with the goal of reducing the worlds carbon foot print by 2015.
Term
WHO definition of health
Definition
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
Term
Explain The AIDS crisis
Definition
Term
Explain Women vs. men related to health issues
Definition
Term
Define the Evolutionary theory of social change
Definition
Term
What is the Equilibrium model?
Definition
Term
Definition of social movements
Definition
An organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group of society.
Term
Definition of relative deprivation
Definition
The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.
Term
Definition of resource mobilization
Definition
The ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel.
Term
How can sociology improve society?
Definition
Term
What is Ascribed Status?
Definition
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
Term
Definition of Crime
Definition
A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
Term
Definition of socialism
Definition
An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned.
Term
What is the Glass elevator?
Definition
Term
Definition of racial group
Definition
A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance.
Term
Explain the World Systems Theory
Definition
A view of the global economic system as one divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.
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