a system in old English law in which members of a tithing (a group of 10 families) pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court. 

The police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to face conflict among 2+ people. In such situations, the police exercise discretion in deciding whether a law has been broken. 

order 

maintenance

The police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which the law has clearly been violated and the police need to identify and apprehend the person who is guilty aka the criminal. 

the % rate of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved through an arrest; a statistic used to measure a police department’s productivity or a basic measure of police performance. 

A patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response. This system assumes that it is not always necessary to rush a patrol car to the scene when a call is received. 

A proactive form of patrolling that directs resources to known high-crime areas. 

a reactive approach to policing emphasizing a quick response to calls for service. 

Police components that directly perform field operations and carry out the basic functions of patrol, investigation, traffic, vice, juvenile, and so on. 

Acting in anticipation, such as an active search for potential offenders that is initiated by the police without warning for a crime to be reported. Arrests for crimes without victims are usually proactive. 

A policing approach where officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police in the first place. 

3 major aspects of American policing evolved from English tradition:

1. limited authority 

2. local control 

3. fragmented organization 

No external political influence

Impartial and equalenforcement of law

Expert officers (trained, disciplined, and organized)

Merit-based personnel procedures

1. Utilization of new technologies

2. And the main task should be FIGHTING CRIME

Frankpledge

   a system in old English law in which members of a tithing (a group of 10 families) pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court. 

Order maintenance

The police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to face conflict among 2+ people. In such situations, the police exercise discretion in deciding whether a law has been broken. 

Law enforcement

 The police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which the law has clearly been violated and the police need to identify and apprehend the person who is guilty aka the criminal. 

Service

 The police function of providing assistance to the public, usually in matters unrelated to crime (keys locked in car). 

Aggressive patrol: 

     A patrol strategy designed to maximize the number of police interventions and observations in the community. (e.g. sting operations) 

the % rate of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved through an arrest; a statistic used to measure a police department’s productivity or a basic measure of police performance

Differential Response

A patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response. This system assumes that it is not always necessary to rush a patrol car to the scene when a call is received. 

Directed Patrol:

     A proactive form of patrolling that directs resources to known high-crime areas. 

Incident-Driven Policing: 

A reactive approach to policing emphasizing a quick response to calls for service. 

Line Functions: 

Police components that directly perform field operations and carry out the basic functions of patrol, investigation, traffic, vice, juvenile, and so on. 

Preventive Patrol: 

Making the police presence known, in order to deter crime and to make officers available to respond quickly to calls. 

Proactive

    Acting in anticipation, such as an active search for potential offenders that is initiated by the police without warning for a crime to be reported. Arrests for crimes without victims are usually proactive. 

Problem Oriented Policing: 

     A policing approach where officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police in the first place. 

Reactive

Acting in response to notification that a crime has been committed.

***police are mainly reactive rather than proactive  

3 major aspects of American policing evolved from English tradition: 

1.     Limited Authority: their powers & duties are specifically defined by law

2.     Local Control: no national police force, 43 regional authorities instead-these are headed by the chief of police.

3.     Fragmented Organization: there are many types of agencies-constable (chief), county sheriff, city police, or  FBI and each one of these has its own special jurisdiction and responsibilities.  

Policing Eras: 

Political,

Professional,

Community

Policing Eras: Political

called political era b/c of close ties between police and political leaders and business owners.

it’s development was prompted by “mob violence”

fear of street crime produced demands for greater police protection

            examples:  -merchants feared restlessness of the underclass

                              -vagrancy (the state of wandering from place to       place; having no permanent home or means of livelihood)

Policing Eras: Political

1840-1920

Primary functions:

1. to serve as enforcement powers for reigning political  powers

            2. to protect private property

            3. to control the rising # of immigrants 

Policing Eras: Professional

 1920-1970

-police saw themselves as crime fighters, but others didn’t  agree

Policing Eras: Professional

 1920-1970

-public concern about police corruption lead to reform efforts which created local, state, and federal crime commissions

Policing Eras: Professional

 1920-1970

6 elements:

1.     No external political influence

2.     Impartial and equal enforcement of law

3.     Expert officers (trained, disciplined, and organized)

4.     Merit-based personnel procedures

5.     Utilization of new technologies

6.     And the main task should be FIGHTING CRIME

                                                  N.I.E.M.U.M

Policing Eras:   Community

1970-present

-Riots and brutality claims led to an examination of traditional police procedures and roles  

Policing Eras:   Community

1970-present

-Emphasized good police-communtiy relationships

Policing Eras:   Community

1970-present

-Emergence of new concepts: community and problem oriented policing

Policing Eras:   Community

1970-present

Federal assistance granted to local and state agencies to fight crime aka COPS grant $7 billion

              R.E.E.F         

Broken Windows

(the police and neighborhood safety) 232

-argued that policing should focus more on little problems such as maintaining order, providing services to those in need, and adopting strategies to reduce the fear of crime. 

Broken Windows

Article was based on 3 assumptions: 

1. Neighborhood disorder creates fear. (areas with ppl on the streets, gangs, prostitutes, and drunks = areas of high crime).

2. A broken window is a symbol that shows that nobody cares about the building and can lead to more vandalism. Just like disorderly behavior that is not addressed is a signal that the community doesn’t care which leads to more/worse crime and disorder (i.e. vandalism)

3. Police need the help of citizens to deal with disorder and thus reduce fear and crime

Policing:

Working Personality 

a set of behavioral characteristics developed by a member of an occupational group in response to the work situation. Its determined by their subculture 

Working Personality 

2 elements:

 1. The threat of danger

 2. the need to establish and maintain one’s authority

DANGER & AUTHORITY 

hang out with other police officers and their families

 the symbols, beliefs, and values shared by members of a subgroup of the larger society. 

4 issues are key in understanding the police sub culture:

1.     Working personality

2.    Role of morals

3.     Isolation/solidarity

4.     Stress

Role of Morals in policing 

 they have a goal of preventing crime and the inability to do so may lead to unethical behavior. They also have to use their discretion to handle situations.

They also feel as if they are looked upon with suspicion and/or the public is hostile toward them

sources of stress in police work:

1.     External sources –dangerous police activity

2.     Personal sources –status and subculture

3.     Organized sources –schedules and routines

4.     Operational sources –total effect of the job and its issues

E.P.O.O. = oope = organized, operational, personal, external 

Sress -policing 

 -physical and mental health may suffer

-citizens sometimes suffer from the effects of police stress (the kid riding his skateboard)

-not all officers respond the same to a particular stressor 

Changing Demographics:  table6.1

-not just white males anymore

-double the amount of women and minorities since the 70s (due to national advisory commission on civil disorder 1968, equal employment act 1972)

WRISC: working, role, isolation, stress, changing