Term
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Definition
| occurs in settings that exhibit high levels of social solidarity, according to Durkheim. Results from norms very tightly governing behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in settings that exhibit low levels of social solidarity, according to Durkheim. Results from vaguely defined norms governing behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
- large, macro-level structures, such as the relations between or among classes
- inequality produce social stability in some circumstances and social change in others.
- privileged try to maintain advantages while subordinate struggle to increase.
- eliminating privilege will lower conflict and increase human welfare |
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Definition
- began about 1750.
- people are responsible for organizing society
- human intervention can therefore solve social problems |
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Definition
| consequences are effects of social structures that create social instability |
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Definition
| results from lack of integration into society because of weak social ties to others |
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Definition
| study of how people make sense of what others do and say in terms of norms that exist independently of individual social actors |
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Definition
claims that patriarchy is at least as important as class inequality in determining a persons opportunities in life
- male/female relationship not by biological necessity, but by structures of power and social convention.
- macro and micro
- existing patterns of gender inequality can and should be changed for the benefit of all members of society |
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Term
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Definition
- human behavior is governed by relatively stable social structures
- social structures maintain or undermine social stability
- social structures are based mainly on shared values or preferences
- reestablishing equilibrium can best solve most social problems |
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Term
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Definition
patterns of social relations that lie outside and above the national level
- international organizations, patterns of worldwide travel and communication, economic relations between and among countries |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which separate economies, states, and cultures are becoming tied together and people are becoming increasingly aware of their growing interdependence |
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Definition
rapid economic transformation began in britain in 1780s.
- involved large scale application of science and technology to industrial processess, the creation of factories, and the formation of a working class |
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Term
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Definition
| are invisible and unintended effects of social structures |
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Term
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Definition
are overarching patters of social relations that lie outside and above our circle of intimates and acquantances
- include classes, bureaucracies, power systems |
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Term
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Definition
| visible and intended effects of social structures |
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Term
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Definition
patterns of relatively intimate social relations formed during face to face interactions.
- families, frendship circles, and work associations |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional systems of economic and political inequality between woman and men |
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Term
| postindustrial revolution |
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Definition
| technology driven shift from manufacturing to service industries and the consequences of that shift for virtually all human activities |
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Term
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Definition
beleif that religious doubts can be reduced, and a state of grace ensured, if people work diligently and live ascetically
- according to Weber, this unintentionally increased savings and investment, thus stimulated capitalist growth |
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Term
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Definition
| process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory |
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Term
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Definition
| envouraged the view that sound conclusions about the workings of society must be based on solid evidence, not just speculation |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the degree to which group members share beliefs and values, and the intensity and frequency of their interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic study of human behavior in social context |
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Term
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Definition
- face to face communication or interaction in microlevel setting
- adequate explanation of social behabiour requires understanding the suibjective meanings people attach the their social circumstances
- people help to create their circumstances and do not merely react to them
- validates unpopular and nonofficial viewpoints, thus increasing our understanding and tolerance of people who may be different from us |
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Term
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Definition
| tentative explanation of some aspect of social life that states how and why certain facts are related |
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Term
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Definition
| ideas about what is right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| what we 'know' as part and parcel of the culture we share with those around us |
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Term
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Definition
| what we 'know' from personal experience and discovery |
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Term
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Definition
| repetition of a research study in order to either confirm the findings of a previous study or bring them into question |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics of people or things |
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Term
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Definition
| logical groupings of attributes |
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Term
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Definition
values that are not problematic in an analysis but are taken as simply given.
- is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| assumed to depend on or be caused by another |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to explanation in which we seek toe chaust the idiosyncratic causes of a particular condition or event. listing all the reasons u went to uni, makes it hard to imaging you making any other choice |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to explanation in which we seek to identify a few causal factors that influences a class of conditions or events |
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Term
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Definition
| general principles are developed from specific observations |
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Term
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Definition
| specific expectations of hypothesis are developed on the basis of general principles. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is no 'objective' reality independent of our subjective experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks to alternative lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
| the extensive infusion of one nations culture into other nations |
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Term
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Definition
| gap between the technical development of a society (material culture) and its moral and legal institutions (non-material culture) |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the cultures own standards |
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Term
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Definition
| customs and practices that occur across all societies |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society |
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Term
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Definition
| the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to regard ones own culture and group as the standard and thus superior whereas all other groups are seen as inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the values and standards of behavior that people in society profess to hold |
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Term
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Definition
| system of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions |
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Term
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Definition
| component of culture that consists of the physical or tangible creations such as clothing, shelter, and art that members of a society make use and share |
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Term
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Definition
| strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture |
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Term
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Definition
| component of culture that consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society such as attitudes, beliefs, and values that influence peoples behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| established rules of behavior or standards of conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow as contrasted with ideal culture |
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Term
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Definition
| rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people who share a dinstinctive set of cultural beleifs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from those of the larger society |
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Term
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Definition
| mores so strong that their violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, as well as the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed |
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Term
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Definition
| values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive |
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Term
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Definition
| collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which adults take on new statuses and aquire new and different social identieis |
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Term
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Definition
| refers the discriminatory practices based on age |
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Term
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Definition
| are the individuals groups and institutions that impart and from which we acquire the range of information required to interact effectively and participate in society |
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Term
| anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| involves beginning to take on the norms and behaviors of a role you aspire to but do not yet occupy |
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Term
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Definition
| development stage where children have developed a generalized impression of the behavior people expect as well as awareness of their own importance to the group and vice-versa. third and final developmental stage described by Mead |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which individuals learn to become feminine and masculine according the expectations current in their society |
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Term
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Definition
| conception of how people in general will respond in a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of informal teaching that helps ensure students integration into society |
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Term
| imitative stage 1 of 3 MEAD |
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Definition
| development stage children two years old and under do not interact effectively with others bevause they cannot take the role of the other. they merely imitate behavior of others. first developmental stage described by Mead |
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Term
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Definition
I is the subjective or active part of the self
Me is the objective element of the self
according to Mead |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that the gestures and reactions of others are a mirror in which we see ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| children begin to adopt roles of signigicat others - a parent, sports celebrity, storybook hero, and their play shifts from imitative to imaginative. this is the second development stage described by Mead |
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Term
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Definition
| small group (especially family) characterized by intimate. face to face association and cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| crucial learning process that occurs in childhood and makes us members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| is the deliberate attempt to correct or instill particular values and behaviors in an individual or group |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs after people have undergone primary socialization |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby people undergo development by interacting with he people around them |
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Term
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Definition
| refers the to culturally and socially defined position a person occupies in an interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| are settings in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period and in which all aspects of a persons life are regulated under one authority |
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Term
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Definition
| a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort |
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Term
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Definition
| a social position conferred on a person at birth or received involuntarily later in life |
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Term
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Definition
| study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of freindship and kinship and on intergenerational stability |
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Term
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Definition
| large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long term commitment to the group or consensus on values |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the most important status a person occupies |
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Term
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Definition
| Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion that exists in preindustrial societies, in which there is a minimal division of labour and poeple feel united by shared values and common social bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Emile Durkheims's term for the social cohesion that exists in industrial societies in which people perform specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence |
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Term
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Definition
| set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a groups or society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played |
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Term
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Definition
| how a person plays a role |
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Term
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Definition
| the strain experienced by a person when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person occupies |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true |
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Term
| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| the process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| a material sign that informs others of a persons specific status |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Erving Goffman any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a persons social identity that it disqualifies that persons from full social acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but have little else in common
/
a number of people who may never have met one another but who share a similar characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labour, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological construct that describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with doing the job correctly |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a mean to an end |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise |
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Term
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Definition
| those aspects of participants day to day activities and interactions that ignore bypass or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| a group which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a web of social relationships that link on person with other people and through them with more people that those people know |
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Term
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Definition
| separate businesses which may be companies or parts of companies join together for specific projects that become the focus of the network |
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Term
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Definition
| a group to thich a person does not belong and toward which the person many feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which traditional methods of social organization characterized by informality and spontaneity are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures (bureaucracy) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that strongly influences a persons behavior and social attitudes regardless of whether that individual is a member |
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Term
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Definition
| a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of existence of those who have so little income that they can barely stay alive |
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Term
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Definition
| is changeable status that is acquired on the basis of how well an individual performs a particular role |
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Term
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Definition
| is a status such as age, gender, or race that is assigned to an individual typically at birth and is not chosen by the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two main classes in capitalist mode of production, compromising of the owners of the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| is a closed stratification system most common in india with strict rules regarding the type of work that members of different castes can do |
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Term
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Definition
| occupational mobility that occurs within a society when better qualified individuals move upward to replace those who are less qualified and who must consequently move downward |
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Term
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Definition
| is a position in an economic hierarchy occupied by the individuals or families with similar access to or control over material resources |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx is conflict between major classes within a mode of production. it eventually leads to the evolution of a new mode of production |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx is the recofnition by members of a class of their shared interests in opposition to members of another class |
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Term
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Definition
| is the relatively permanent economic hierarchy comprising different social classes |
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Term
| closed stratification system |
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Definition
| is a stratification system in which little or no social mobility occurs, because most or all statuses are ascribed |
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Term
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Definition
| the organized effort by privileged more powerful groups to maintain their advantaged position |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx are one of the main components of a mode of production, consisting of technology capital investment and raw materials used in production |
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Term
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Definition
| a society in which most or all statuses are achieved on the basis of merit |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx is the system of economic activity in a society comprising the means of production and the social relations of production (class system) |
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Term
| open stratification system |
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Definition
| stratification system in which merit rather than inheritance determines social rank |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx, is a secondary class within the capitalist mode of production including independent owners/producers and small business owners |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to impose ones will on others |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Marx is one of the two main classes in a capitalist mode of production comprising workers who exchange their labour for a wage |
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Term
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Definition
| is a state of existence in which individuals have significantly less income than do most others in their society causing their lifestyle to be more restricted and their life changes to be substantially curtailed |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Max Weber and Frank Parkin refers to the methods used by relatively powerful groups to maintain their unequal access to status and resources and the exclude others from such access |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process whereby individuals, families, or other groups move up or down status hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to persistent patterns of social inequality perpetuated by the way wealth, power, and prestige are distributed and passed from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a persons general status within an economic hierarchy based on income, education and occupation |
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Term
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Definition
| are individuals who work but whose income leaves them below a designated low income or poverty line |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Weber are the opportunities or lack thereof for a higher standard of living and a better quality of life that are available to members of a given class |
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Term
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Definition
known unoficially as the povery line is an estimate of the income level below which a person or family might be considered to be living in relative poverty.
- according to StatsCan this is when more than 63% of income is spent on basic necessities |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture |
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Term
| authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| a personality type characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition and rigid stereotypic thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| actions or practices of dominant group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of people distinguished by others or by themselves primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation where the established rules policies and practices within an institution or organized produce differential treatment of various groups based on race |
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Term
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Definition
| according to conflic theorists, a situation in which members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group |
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Term
| majority group (dominant) |
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Definition
| an advantaged group that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society |
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Term
| minority group (subordinate) |
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Definition
| a group whose members because of physical or cultural characteristics are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination |
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Term
| overt racism (redneck/hate racism) |
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Definition
| racism that may take the form of deliberate and highly personal attacks including derogatory slurs and name calling toward members of a racial or ethnic group who are perceived to be inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe an attempt to disguise a dislike of to others through behavior that is outwardly nonprejudicial |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative attitude based on preconceived notions about members of selected groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics such as skin color, also a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs that certain racial groups are innately inferior to others or have a disproportionate number of negative traits |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of ideas that implies the superiority of one social group over another on the basis of biological or cultural characteristics together with the power to put these beliefs into practice in a way that denies or excludes minority woman and men |
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Term
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Definition
| a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race/ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion |
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Term
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Definition
a term used to describe the division of the economy into two areas of employment:
- primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher paid (usually dominant group) workers in more secure jobs
- secondary sector or lower tier composed of lower paid (often subordinate group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| an over generalization about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe an unconscious racism that occurs when there is a conflict of values |
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Term
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Definition
| an official government category of nonwhite, non-Caucasian individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy to eliminate the effects of discrimination and to make employment opportunities available to groups who have been excluded |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that woman and men are equal and that they should be valued equally and have equal rights |
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Term
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Definition
| the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over the other |
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Term
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Definition
| a persons perception of the self as female or male |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes, behaviors, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process |
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Term
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Definition
| a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by woman |
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Term
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Definition
| a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men |
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Term
| pay equity (comparable worth) |
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Definition
| the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker |
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Term
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Definition
| the subordination of one sex usually female based on the assumed superiority of the other sex |
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Term
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Definition
| unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the disparity between womans and mens earnings |
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Term
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Definition
| how we express our gender as masculine or feminine tomboys or androgynous as butch or straight etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the identification of individuals as heterosexual bisexual or homosexual based on their emotional and sexual attractions relationships self identity and lifestyle |
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Term
| transgendered individuals |
|
Definition
| persons who do not fit neatly into either the male or female category or whose behavior is not congruent with the rules and expectations for their sex in the society in which they live |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to refer collectively to gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgendered individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| various therapies that are aimed at changing homosexuals sexual attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the refusal of simplistic biological explanations for complex social relations motivations, behaviors and identities |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that social context provides the mode and meaning for both sexuality and gendered behaviors, roles, and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that heterosexuality is the superior sexual orientation; it results in prejudice and discrimination against homosexuals and bisexuals |
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Term
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Definition
| negative attitudes toward homosexuality |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative attitudes toward bisexuality and people who identify as bisexual |
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Term
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Definition
| an illegal act committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support |
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Term
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Definition
| an act that violates criminal law and is punishable by fines, jail terms, and other sanctions |
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Term
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Definition
| offenses where a computer is the object of a crime or the tool used to commit a crime |
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Term
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Definition
| any behavior, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labelled as such by others |
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Term
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Definition
| public and media awareness campaigns that help generate public and political support for moral entrepreneurs' causes |
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Term
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Definition
| people or groups who take an active role in trying to have particular behaviors defined as deviant |
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Term
| occupational or white collar crime |
|
Definition
| a term used to describe illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or in dealing with their financial affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| a business operation that supplies illegal goods and or services for profit |
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Term
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Definition
| illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials or illegal or unethical acts perpetrated against a government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement or to undermine or overthrow the government |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the initial act of rule breaking |
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| a term used to describe the process whereby a person who has been labelled deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior |
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| the proposition that the likelihood of deviant behavior increases when a persons ties to society are weakened or broken |
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| systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and discourage deviance |
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| the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving these goals |
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| all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain moral crimes |
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| is a way of life focusing on the purchase and acquisition of commodities. |
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| involves disenfranchisement of ordinary citizens from the decisions and process of governments. often attributed to the influence of corporate actors and international financial institutions on governments and the transfer of governance to institutions such as the IMF and WTO, which do not permit average citizens to vote or influence decisions |
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| is the gap between people who are easily able to access communication technologies such as the internet and cellular phones and people who lack the material resources education or infrastructure to access these technologies |
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| export processing zone (EPZ) |
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Definition
are manufacturing areas in which government programs provide special incentives to help promote export-oriented manufacturing.
- can be both territorial zones demarcated by fences or borders, or all industries within a country |
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| comprises marginalized populations and regions that are not competitive in the global economy |
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| is a worldwide network of labor and production processes the end result of which is a finished commodity |
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is a short hand way describing a diverse range of projects seeking greater democracy, equality, and sustainability in globalization processes.
- generally opposed to neoliberal policies
- also referred to as anti-globalization, global social justice movement, alternative globalization, etc. |
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Definition
associated with a retreat from state intervention and regulation, greater focus on individual responsibility, less protection for labour and the environment, privatization of state resources, and faith in the power of the market and the profit motive to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
- refers to economic policies that became prominent in the late 1970s in both developed and developing countries |
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occurs when firms contract production and services to smaller, independent firms.
- when outsourcing occurs on a global level, multinational corporations contract production and services to firms in less developed countries |
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| refers to the diminished importance of geography and time lags because of globalization (people can get places faster due to internet and airplanes etc.) |
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refers to the extension of capitalism globally, particularly as a result of the neoliberal policies and programs authorized by international financial authorities such as the IMF and World Bank and implemented by national governments.
- organized by elites in governments, corporations, and international institutions with little democratic input. |
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| is a group whose members share interests and meet primarily on the internet |
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economic system based on profit seeking in competitive markets.
- associated with dynamic technological development, the development of class inequality, and accelerating environmental destruction |
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| process linked to neoliberal policies that facilitates businesses moving to the lowest wage jurisdictions nationally or abroad, resulting in social dislocation and economic decline in older industrial regions |
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| is an explanation of uneven global development that stresses the exploitative relationships that have existed between Europe and the global south, the the determent of the latter (we did this to you, you are what you are now) |
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| is the difference in income earned by high and low income earners. whether within a country or among countries |
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| argues that economic growth and development can be best achieved if the values underlying market capitalism are aggressively fostered (youre poor because you are not like us) |
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| calls for the elimination of government involvement in the economy, which presumably allows free markets to achieve economic growth and development |
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| is the number of units of a countries currency needed to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.s dollar would buy in the united states |
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Definition
in W.W.Rostows theory are the developmental phases through which societies supposedly pass.
- modern american capitalism represents a final developmental stage characterized by sustained economic growth |
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Definition
| is a deliberate act of physical or psychological violence perpetrated by state organizations (army or secrete service) to intimidate and coerce certain groups by causing fear, anxiety, panic, and horror |
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Term
| structural adjustment programs (SAPs) |
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Definition
| policies imposed on debtor countries by the World Bank that entail privatization of state enterprises, opening of debtor economies to imports and capital from developed countries, eliminating social poverty reduction programs, and meeting debt obligations to the financial institutions of the rich countries |
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Definition
| refers to the ratio of the price of exports to the price of imports |
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| is the idea that the development of Europe required the exploitation of the global south and undermined its economic development |
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| is the shared view of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the US treasury department that emerged in the late 1970s promoting a neoliberal approach to economic development and stabilization in the global south |
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| recognizes the right to free speech, freedom of religion, and justice before the law |
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Definition
| is power that is widely viewed as legitimate |
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| are people who occupy the command posts of legitimized power structures |
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Definition
| is the private (nonstate) sphere of social life |
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| maintains that well to do people consistently have more political influence than people who are less well to do have and that society is therefore not as democratic as it is often portrayed |
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Definition
| is the process by which individual interests, beliefs, and values either become congruent and complementary with the activities, goals, and ideology of a social movement |
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| holds that society has many competing interests and centres of power and that no one interest or power centre predominates in the long run |
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| recognizes the right to run for office and vote |
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| organizations that seek to control state power |
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is a concerted attempt on the part of many people to overthrow existing political institutions and establish new ones.
- take place when widespread and successful movements of opposition clash with crumbling traditional or legal-rational countries |
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| is the ability of an individual or a group to impose its will on others, even if they resist |
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Definition
suggests that social movement formation and success depend on how powerful authorities are, compared with partisans of change.
- it also holds that societies with widely distributed power are more democratic and more egalitarian than are societies with narrowly held power |
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Definition
| is an intolerable gap between the social rewards people feel they deserve and the social rewards the expect to receive |
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Term
| resource mobilization theory |
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Definition
| holds that social movements crystallize and succeed in achieving their goals to the degree that they have access to scarce resources, such as money and effective communication facilities |
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Definition
| is a self conscious and cohesive group of people led by corporate executives and owners of big business who act to advance their common interests |
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Definition
| recognizes the right to a certain level of economic security and full participation in social life |
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Definition
| are enduring collective attempts to change part or all of the social order by means of rioting, petitioning, striking, demonstrating and establishing pressure groups, unions, and political parties |
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Definition
| is a set of institutions that formulate and implement a countrys laws, policies, and binding regulations, consisting of an executive branch (which initiates laws), a judicial branch (which interprets laws), and an administrative and cohesive apparatus (which enforces laws and protects state security) |
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Definition
| shows how the state structures political life independently of the way power is distributed among classes and other groups at a given time |
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Definition
| recognizes the right of marginal groups and the rights of humanity as a whole to full citizenship |
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Definition
| a world in which distances have been shrunk b modern communications technology so that everyone is socially and economically interdependent |
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| a situation in which the distinction between reality and simulation has become blurred |
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| the network infrastructure that links together the worlds millions of computers |
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| any technologically based means of communicating between large numbers of people distributed widely over space or time |
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| the ability to access, analyze, evaluate and create media in a variety of forms |
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| the process of giving prominence to particular individuals by focusing media attention of them |
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| the computer language that allows us to access information of the internet |
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| people are considered deficient in physical or mental capacity |
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| is a physical or mental problem that keeps people from performing within the range of 'normal' human activity |
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Definition
| involves curing disabilities to the extent possible through medical and technological intervention; trying to improve the lives of people with disabilities by means of care, training, and education; and integrating people with disabilities into society |
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| is prejudice and discrimination against people who have disabilities |
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| refers to the distinct phases of life through which people pass. stages vary from one society and historical period to another |
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| are cultural ceremonies that mark the transition from one stage of life to another (baptism, confirmations) or from life to death |
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| the average age at death of the members of a population |
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| is a category of people born in the same range of years |
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| are norms and expectations about the behavior of people in different age cohorts |
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| is an age group that has unique and formative historical experiences |
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Definition
| is social inequality between age cohorts |
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| is a society ruled b older people |
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| is prejudice and discrimination against people of a certain age (usually old people) |
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Definition
| also known as assisted suicide involves a doctor prescribing or administering medication or treatment that is intended to end a terminally ill patients life |
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Definition
| refers to the sum of all foreign chemicals that accumulate in the human body over a given period |
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Term
| command and control approach to environmental management |
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Definition
| is the top down government strategy of issuing regulations to control the environmental impact of industry |
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Definition
thesis holds that public environmental concern depends on the state of the economy.
- in good economic times, more attention will be given to environmental issues, while in bad times environmental concern will lessen |
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Term
| environmental justice movement |
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Definition
| seeks to address issues associated with the unequal distribution of the environmental risks caused by discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| is an environmental impact that is produced by one party (such as an industry) that does not take responsibility for the consequences of the environmental impact. rather the consequences are addressed by another party, such as the state, or general public, which bears the cost of addressing the environmental impact |
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Definition
| refers to the process of how events and issues are interpreted based on how they are presented |
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Definition
| refers to the psychological tendency to forgo future benefits in favor of immediate benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| is the tipping point at which new oil reserves can no longer be found, thus forcing society to rely on depleting reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| is an industrialization strategy that attempts to address economic, social, and environmental concerns in a balanced way, by meeting the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs |
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Term
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Definition
| is a threshold beyond which a system unexpectedly, rapidly, and dramatically changes |
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Definition
| is a framework in which religious organizations are studied in terms of ideal type characteristics. (churches emphasize works and accommodation to society, while sects stress faith and separation from society) |
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| refers to the tendency for nationalistic emphases to be nurtured by a society's religions so that culture takes on many religious like characteristics |
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Definition
| Durkheims term referring to awareness that a group is more than the sum of its individual members and the belief that such awareness is experienced as the supernatural |
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Definition
| is religious commitment as manifested in and through religious groups; it is key to the creation and sustenance of personal religiosity |
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Definition
| are religious groups that have their origins outside older religions, sects in contrast are groups that have broken away from established religions |
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Definition
| refers to the tendency for a wide variety of protestant religious groups to come into being, seemingly reflecting variations not only in theology but also and perhaps primarily in social characteristics |
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Term
| dimensions of religiosity |
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Definition
| are the various facets of religious commitment, including belief, experience, practice, and knowledge |
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| refers to the belief in one god |
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| is the assertion that religion will continue to have a significant place in the modern world because it has never actually declined or because people continue to have interests and needs that only religion can satisfy |
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| refers to the level of religious commitment characterizing an individual |
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| are systems of meaning for interpreting the world that have a supernatural referent |
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| refers o the growing tendency of some people in a given setting to embrace religion and the tendency of others to reject it |
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Definition
| holds that religion as it has been traditionally known is continually declining, resulting in a loss of religious authority, societally and individually,, as well as changes in religious organizations themselves |
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| is the learning of valuable skills and knowledge |
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Definition
| is the number of years of schooling successfully completed or, for higher learning, the degrees or certificates earned |
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Definition
| occurs when marriage partners are selected so that spouses are similar on various criteria of social rank |
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Definition
| is achieved by creating barriers that restrict certain opportunities or positions to members of one group |
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Definition
| occurs when it takes ever more certificates or degrees to qualify for a particular job |
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Definition
| occurs to the degree that certain levels and types of schooling are established as criteria for gaining access to an occupation |
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Definition
| is the stock of learning and skills that increases the chance of securing a superior job |
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Definition
| is Bourdieu's term for the application by teachers of punishments intended to discourage deviation from the dominant culture |
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| reproduction of the existing stratification system |
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Definition
| refers to social processes that ensure offspring enter a rank or class similar or identical to that of their parents |
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Definition
| in school teaches obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms |
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| a system of tracing descent through both the mothers and fathers side of the family |
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Definition
| the sharing of a household by a couple who live together without being legally married |
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Definition
| families in which both partners are in the labor force |
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| a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally |
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Definition
| a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household |
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Definition
| social arrangements that include intimate relationships between couples and close familial relationships with other couples, as well as with other adults and children |
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Definition
| a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form and economic unit and care for any young and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group |
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Definition
| the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place |
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Definition
| the family that a person forms by having or adopting children |
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| the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class |
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| an inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual relations |
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Definition
| a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption |
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Definition
| a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity |
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Definition
| a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother) |
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Definition
| a system of tracing descent through the mothers side of the family |
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Definition
| an intimate relationship with one person at a time |
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Definition
| a family made up of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives |
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Definition
| a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father) |
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Definition
| a system of tracing descent through the fathers side of the family |
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Definition
| the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men |
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Definition
| the practice of having more than one spouse at a time |
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Definition
| the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more woman |
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Definition
| term for the domestic work that employed woman perform at home after they complete their workday on the job |
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Definition
| the subdiscipline of sociology that attempts to describe and explain patterns of family life and variations in family structure |
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Definition
| is something that varies or an attribute or event that can take on more than one value (eg. unemployment rates, age, sex) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the relevance or accuracy of measurement in relation tot he theoretical concept that it is supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to provide a definition of a situation that members of a culture find authentic and valid |
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Term
| self administered questionnaire |
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Definition
| is a method of collecting information by having people record their own answers to preset questions |
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Term
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Definition
| involve an incorrect inference about the causal relations between variables |
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Term
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Definition
is the process of selecting units from a larger population
- random sampling involves the selection of representative units from a population.
- samples can be selected by probability (where every unit has a non zero chance) or nonprobability (where chance does not enter into the selection of sample units) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the consistency of measurement and the ability to reproduce the same measurements on repeated occasions |
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Term
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Definition
| is a procedure used in experiments to assign test subjects to experimental conditions on the basis of chance |
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Definition
| the study of social life involves the participation of the researcher to varying degrees, in the activities of the group under investigation; it attempts to give an 'insider's' account of a particular way of life or cultural system |
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Definition
is the attempt to minimize the effect of personal bias on research results or the idea of impartiality of "fair hearings"
- is an ideal enhanced by the work of any single researcher being open to the critical scrutiny of others |
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Term
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Definition
| comprises procedures for assigning numbers to observations according to preset rules; it is the act of finding data or information relevant to theoretical concepts |
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Definition
| people involved in a study may be influenced by the very process of being studied; the study has an impact on the subjects of the study |
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Definition
| is a knowledge claim or hunch about how the world works; it is a testable statement, derived from a theory, about the relationship between two variables |
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Definition
| is a variable that is presumed to affect or influence other variables |
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Definition
| is a method of collecting information by asking people questions, either in person or over telephone. interviews range from highly structured (preset questions in a fixed order) to loosely structured (topic guidelines, but no prescribed question wording) |
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Definition
human action, as distinct from physical behavior, occurs with specific intentions or reasons in mind. the uncontrollable tic in a persons eye is physical behavior which differs from that of a person who is winking at someone, where intention or purpose is central to understanding what is happening
- most human activity is meaningful action, or social action |
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Definition
involves a relationship between two variables in which change or variation in one variable produces change or variation in a second variable.
- four criteria are essential to establishing a causal relation between two variables: association, time ordering, nonspuriousness, and theoretical rationale |
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Term
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Definition
| is a variable that is assumed to depend on or be caused by one or more other variables (independent variables); it is the variable that is the effect, or outcome, in a cause-effect relationship |
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Definition
| is the detailed description of a particular culture or way of life, or the written results of a participant-observation study |
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Definition
| is a controlled test of the vausal effects of a particular variable or set of variables on a dependent or outcome variable |
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Definition
| is an account of the causal logic that shows how and why variables influence one another |
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Definition
| is the generalizability of a particular finding from the study group to a larger population; the relevance of conclusions for a larger population; or the ability to infer that the results of a study are representative of processes operating in a broader population |
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Definition
| Ability to analyze any situation/location for its sociological content (observe patterns, behavior) |
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