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| The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy |
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| The unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society |
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| The most extreme form of social stratification, based on the legal ownership of people |
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| A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed. |
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| The system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991. |
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| A system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige |
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| SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES) |
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| A measure of an individual's place within a social class system; often used interchangeably with "class" |
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| A largely self-sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system; in the United States they constitute about 1 percent of the population and possess most of the wealth of the country |
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| Mostly professionals and managers, who enjoy considerable financial stability; they constitute about 14 percent of the U.S. population |
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| Composed primarily of "white-collar" workers with a broad range of incomes; they constitute about 30 percent of the U.S. population |
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| A description characterizing workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower-management jobs |
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| WORKING CLASS OR LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS |
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| Mostly "blue-collar" or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they constitute about 30 percent of the U.S. population |
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| A description characterizing workers who perform manual labor |
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| Poorly educated workers who work full-time but remain below the poverty line; they constitute about 20 percent of the U.S. population |
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| The poorest Americans who are chronically unemplyed and may depend on public or private assistance; they constitute about 5 percent of the U.S. population |
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| A situation in which there are serious differences between elements of an individual's socioeconomic status |
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| A system of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs |
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| The social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups |
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| The tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next |
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| The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society |
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| Awareness of one's own social status and that of others |
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| Marrying someone who is different from us |
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| The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes |
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| The inequality in access to and use of digital technology |
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| A social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another |
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| A social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another |
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| INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY |
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| Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next |
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| INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY |
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| The movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime |
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| HORIZONTAL SOCIAL MOBILITY |
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| The occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class |
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| The movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility |
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| Changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society |
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| A relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society |
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| An objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care |
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| Entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot |
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| Argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates |
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| The geopgraphical separation of the poor from the rest of the population |
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| The removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means |
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| A system in which rewards are distributed based on merit |
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| A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people |
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| A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor |
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| An ehnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life |
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| An ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation |
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| Members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant group |
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| A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic |
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| An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it |
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| Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice |
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| INDIVIDUAL DISCRIMINATION |
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| Discrimination carried out by one person against another |
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| INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION |
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| Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it |
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| Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into |
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| Those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits |
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| The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group |
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| The forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied |
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| The economic and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation |
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| The formal and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity |
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| A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is abhsorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogenous |
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| The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage |
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| The process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's cultural |
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| A cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society |
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| The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members |
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| The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes |
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| Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or b iological origin and therefore cannot be changed |
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| The roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender |
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| Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many |
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| Literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society |
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| The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure |
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| The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing |
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| Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity is at odds with her or his physical sex but who has not necessarily sought sex-reassignment surgery |
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| The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of childcare |
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| The unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor |
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| Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief |
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| The earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 |
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| The movement organized around gaining the voting rights for women |
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| The period of feminist activity during the 1960's and 1970's often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education |
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| The most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can possess |
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| A movement that originated in the 1970's to discuss the challenges of masculinity |
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| An offshoot of male liberationism whose members beieve that feminism promotes discrimination against men |
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| PRO-FEMINISM MEN'S MOVEMENT |
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| An offshot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women |
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| The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders |
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| The tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender |
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| Proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage |
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| Individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders |
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| Person who has no interest in or desire for sex |
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| Social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity |
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| Fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior |
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