Term
| Ann Lareau’s research on middle-class and working-class children illustrates |
|
Definition
| the lack of preparation working-class and poor children receive in terms of learning to negotiate through various social institutions. |
|
|
Term
| According to Carol Gilligan, how do women’s moral judgments compare to men’s? |
|
Definition
| Women’s moral judgments are more contextual than men’s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conflict theory originated in the work of ____ |
|
|
Term
| According to Marx, the beliefs of the common people tend to support the interests of the capitalist system, not the workers themselves. This is because |
|
Definition
| . the capitalist class control the production of ideas. |
|
|
Term
| Marx’s perspective of society argued that |
|
Definition
| profit is produced through the exploitation of the working class. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ coined the term sociology and first elaborated the positivist basis of sociology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The early sociologist who developed the concept of “critical distance” is _____. |
|
|
Term
| Marx’s work was devoted to explaining |
|
Definition
| how capitalism shaped society. |
|
|
Term
| According to Mills, the specific task of sociology is to |
|
Definition
| comprehend human society and its influence on the lives of human beings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coined the
term the sociological
imagination (1959). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability to see the
societal patterns that
influence the
individual as well as
groups of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability to look at what people are doing and
develop an understanding of the town, culture,
and/or society in which they live, thrive, and die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1963) calls this process debunking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The founding father of
sociology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He believed that society
could be studied
scientifically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This approach is
known as
positivism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A French politician,
scholar, and historian. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He traveled in
America and studied
its political system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He felt that despite
the individualism of
Americans, they had
little independence of
mind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Martineau was
fascinated by the newly
emerging American
culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1937, she wrote
about it in Society in
America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She also wrote about
how to observe
behavior as a
participant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some of Durkheim’s
major work focuses on
the forces that hold
society together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He called this force
social solidarity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People are glued
together by religious
rituals which sustain
moral cohesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Durkheim viewed society as larger than the sum of
its parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Society is “external to the individual.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He saw society as an integrated whole with each
part contributing to the stability of the system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the central theme of functionalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Social facts, which are external to the individual,
exercise constraints on individual behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He demonstrated that suicide was not purely a
personal trouble, but that rates of suicide within a
society varied by how clear and consistently
upheld the norms and customs of the society
were. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He showed that suicide rates were higher in
societies where norms were unclear or
contradictory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This was referred to as a state of normlessness
or anomie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marx is one of the most
influential thinkers in
history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He saw society as
systematic and structural
and class as a
fundamental dimension of
society that shapes social
behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
took social structure as his subject rather than the
actions of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
was devoted to explaining how capitalism, an
economic system based on pursuing profit, shaped
society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
addressed the capitalist class, the bourgeoisie,
controllers of the production of goods and of ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• spoke of economic determinism with a class
system of owners (bourgeoisie) and workers
(proletariat). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weber expanded on
Marx’s thinking; he said
that society had three
basic dimensions:
political, economic, and
cultural, which must all
be examined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weber was concerned
with ideas and how they
shaped society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He did not advocate
political activism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
was influenced by Marx’s work; however, he saw society
from a multidimensional perspective that went beyond
Marx’s strictly economic focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
professed that the task of a sociologist is to teach
students the uncomfortable truth about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
believed that sociologists must not project their political
ideas on their students |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Darwin was a British
biologist whose ideas lead
to what is referred to as
Social Darwinism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Survival of the fittest”
is also the driving
force of social and
biological evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Society, an organism,
evolves from the simple to
the complex. It is best left
alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is referred to as
Laissez-faire, the
non-interference
doctrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These theorists are keynote sociologists in examining
how society shaped the mind and identity of
individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Society is a laboratory that, if studied and
understood, could better address human needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These ideas lead to what is known as the Chicago
School of thought. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Also from the University
of Chicago, he was
interested in urban
problems and how
different racial groups
interacted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He introduced the idea
of boundaries within
cities and how they are
enforced and
maintained. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Also from Chicago, she
was a leader in the
settlement housing
movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She was a research
sociologist, not an
educator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She developed
housing projects for
immigrants, slum
dwellers, and other
dispossessed groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A black scholar and cofounder of the NAACP, he
was deeply troubled by
the racial divisiveness in
society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He envisioned a
community-based,
activist profession
committed to social
justice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He also believed in the
scientific approach to
sociological questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She was born a slave yet
received a teaching
credential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She crusaded against
lynching and for
women’s rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Her work went
unrecognized for years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
After her death, her
grandson, Troy Duster,
a university professor
and president of the
American Sociological
Association, brought
her to public attention. |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic interactionists argue that our perceptions of reality are determined by our definition of the situation. This means that to a large extent, |
|
Definition
| we basically see what we want to see. |
|
|
Term
| Which of these is an example of something a sociologist would consider from the microlevel analysis of social interaction? |
|
Definition
| day to day life in a sorority house |
|
|
Term
Rosabeth MossKanter’s classic study of organizational structure indicated that
|
|
Definition
| the stressful effects of tokenism on women and minorities can have very negative consequences |
|
|
Term
| Rosabeth Moss Kanter's study of organizational structure indicated that: |
|
Definition
| The stressful effects of tokenism on women and minorities can have very negative consequences |
|
|
Term
| What does Ritzer believe is the danger of McDonaldization for society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| George Ritzer referred to the impact of the problems and peculiarities of bureaucracy on society overall as the _____. |
|
Definition
| “McDonaldization of society |
|
|
Term
| In his study of the effect of size on group dynamics, Simmel found that |
|
Definition
| a triad is an unstable social grouping, whereas dyads are relatively stable. |
|
|
Term
| Cooley’s concept of primary groups |
|
Definition
| has been elaborated to include a variety of intimate relationships in groups. |
|
|
Term
| Solomon Asch's conformity experiment focused upon the: |
|
Definition
| Distorting pressure of group influence |
|
|
Term
| Erwin Goffman referred to coercive organizations as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Chicago School sociologist who introduced the concept of the primary group |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Pettigrew’s summary of research on attribution theory found that |
|
Definition
| individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of people whom they see as out-group members. |
|
|
Term
| Total institutions were described by Goffman as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group is two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dyad is a two person group (stable group). A triad is a three person group (unstable group). George Simmel (1902) discovered the group size effect; he observed how group size influences the behavior of the participants |
|
|
Term
In & Out Groups
W.I. Thomas, early sociologist (1903) distinguished
between these two types of groups. |
|
Definition
In-Groups are social collectives or membership
groups which you belong to. It provides a sense of
identity as “us.”
Out-groups are complementary collectives which
are referred to as “them”; you are not a member of
that group. |
|
|
Term
Social Influence in Groups
Social groups exert tremendous influence on our
behavior and our identity.
Even when we overtly deny the connection, the
influence still exists. |
|
Definition
The not-me syndrome, was introduced by social
psychologist Philip Zimbardo.
– This describes the dramatic gulf between what
people think they will do and what they actually
do; “they conform, but not me. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is doing together what we would
not do alone; group size and physical anonymity
influence this behavior. |
|
|
Term
• Sociologists, Peter Blau, W. Richard Scott and
Amitau Etzione (1974-1975) classified formal
organizations into three categories based on their
type of membership affiliation. |
|
Definition
Normative Organizations
2. Coercive organizations
3. Utilitarian Organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1947/1925) was the first theorist to
study this form of social organization. |
|
|
Term
| Problems of Bureaucracies |
|
Definition
Anderson and Taylor discuss the following:
Ritualism
Alienation
Group think
Risky shift |
|
|
Term
McDonaldization of Society
George Ritzer, contemporary sociologist (2007),
discussed the McDonaldization of society |
|
Definition
He demonstrated that modern society, both in the
U.S. and abroad, has expanded on Weber’s rational
and efficient model by adopting McDonald’s
prototype of the fast food restaurant business
strategy.
This way of doing business is visible everywhere: in
the world of leisure and entertainment, shopping,
health care clinics, drive-up banks, pharmacies,
politics, and even education |
|
|
Term
McDonald’s Structure
Similar to Weber’s ideal type bureaucratic model,
Ritzer identified the following four dimensions of the
McDonald Model:
1. Efficiency
2. Calculability
3. Predictability
4. Control |
|
Definition
This operating system clearly carries with it the faster
distribution of goods and services to a large and ever
increasing demand for product. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is when people in a group are likely to make riskier decisions than if they are alone |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Pettigrew's summarization of the research on attrubution theory shows that: |
|
Definition
| Individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of other people when they are out-group members |
|
|
Term
| Merton’s structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to |
|
Definition
| the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of achieving them |
|
|
Term
| Merton’s structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to |
|
Definition
| . the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of achieving them |
|
|
Term
| Merton explains types of deviance in terms of the amount of correspondence between ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
| social norms / social structure |
|
|
Term
| W. I. Thomas’ explanation of deviance focuses on what he called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Durkheim believed that the causes of suicide were |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suicide among the elderly in society best fits which of Durkheim’s types of deviance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Durkheim, why do societies actually need deviance? |
|
Definition
| in order to recognize normal behavior |
|
|
Term
| The functionalist perspective on deviance originates in the work of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W. I. Thomas’ explanation of deviance focuses on what he called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Durkheim, what factors were responsible for producing suicides? |
|
Definition
| the degree of integration one has into the structure of society |
|
|
