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| fixed and permanent; assigned to it at birth, without any chance of getting out |
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| a group of people sharing the same social position in society. class is based on income, power, and prestige |
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| system of stratification based on economic position in which people are ranked based on achieved status. the most open form (permitting the most social mobility) of stratification |
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| system of stratification where peasants and serfs worked the estates belonging to feudal lords. it was a fixed and permanent system |
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| social system in which the greater the functional importance of the job, the more rewards it brings, in salary, perks, power and prestige |
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| the movement from one class to another; the ability to move up or down in the rankings |
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| the ranking of people into defined layers. exists in all societies and is based on things like wealth, race and gender |
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| (Marx), term for the upper-class capitalists who owned the means of production. also upper-class managers who wield a lot of power |
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| person's abilities to have access to material goods and social resources that together control the quality of life |
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| the degree of status accorded to an occupation |
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| the ability to get others to do what you want them to do, regardless of their own desieres |
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| what other people think of you |
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| (Marx) the lower classes who were forced to become wage laborers or go hungry. present day working class |
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| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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| your social connections, your taste in art, your ascribed status and achieved statuses...(many components) emphasizes that people are ranked through intermingling of economic, social, political, cultural and community |
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| one's socially defined position in a group; it is often characterized by certain expectations and rights |
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| about 4% of US population; group has no income, no connection to the job market, little education, inadequate nutrition & substandard housing or none at all. no possibility of social mobility & little chance of achieving the quality of life that most people would consider minimally acceptable |
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| when people do not have the ability to sustain their lives and lack the most basic necessities like food and shelter |
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| Oscar Lewis's theory that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies, but of larger social and cultural factors. (poor children socialized to believe there's nothing to strive for & no point in working to improve conditions--as adults they continue the cycle with their children) poverty transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| sociological term for the confluence of factors that has made women a disproportionate number of the poor |
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| estimated minimum income required to pay for food, shelter, and clothing. anyone falling below this income is categorized as poor |
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| describes those who may be able to afford the basic necessities of life but still are unable to maintain an adequate standard of living |
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| intragenerational mobility |
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| mobility within a single generation |
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| intergenerational mobility |
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| takes place largely within groups, not between them. chances of getting ahead or falling behind are largely influenced by family income--that is, by where you started |
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| general upward trend of the entire society |
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| a political-economic system under which powerful countries established, for their own profit, rule over weaker peoples or countries and exploited them for their natural resources and cheap labor |
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| theory that focuses on the unequal relationship between wealthy countries and poor countries, arguing that poverty is the result of expoitation |
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| worldwide networks of labor and production processes, consisting of all pivotal production activities that form a tightly interlocked "chain" from raw materials to finished product to retail outlet to consumer. the most profitable activities in the commodity chain(engineering, design, advertising) are likely to be done in core countries, while the least profitable activities(mining, growing raw materials, factory production) are likely to be done in peripheral countries |
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| systematic differences in wealth and power among countries, often involving exploitation of the less powerful by the more powerful countries |
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| (Rostrow) theory about the conditions necessary for a low income country to develop economically. Arguing that a nation's poverty is largely due to the cultural failings of its people, he believed poor countries could develop economically only if they give up their "backward" way of life and adopt modern Western economic institutions, technologies & cultural values that emphasize savings & productive investment |
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| multinational corporations |
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| corporations from rich countries that established factories in poor countries, using cheap labor and raw materials to minimize their production costs without governmental interference |
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| (Wallerstein) theory that the interconnectedness of the world system began in the 1500s when Europeans began their economic and political domination. b/c capitalism depends on generating the maximum profits for the minimum expenditures, the world system continues to benefit rich countries (which acquire the profits) and harm the rest of the world (by minimizing local expenditures and therefore perpetuating poverty) |
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