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| the term used to imply that the chief goal of all living creatures is to reproduce themselves |
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| a socially constructed definition based on sex category, based on the meanings that societies attach to the fact of sex differences |
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| our understanding of ourselves as male or female and what it means to be male or female, perhaps the most fundamental way in which we develop an identity |
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| gender inequality has 2 dimensions: the domination of men over women and the domination of some men over other men, and some women over other women |
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| literally, "the rule of the fathers." it is a name given to the social order in which men hold power over women |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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| those anatomical sex characteristics that are present at birth, like the sex organs themselves, which develop in the embryo |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| those sex characteristics, such as breast development in girls and the lowering of voices and development of facial hair for boys, that occur at puberty |
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| a biological distinction; the chromosomal, chemical and anatomical org. of males and females |
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| testosterone and estrogen, the hormones that trigger development of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development in girls and the development of facial hair in boys |
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| psychology-based term to define the bundle of traits, attitudes and behaviors that are associated with biological males and females. roles are blueprints that prescribe what you should do, think, want and look like, so that you can successfully become a man or woman |
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| the process by which males and females are taught the appropriate behaviors, attitudes and traits for their biological sex. it begins at birth and continues throughout their lives |
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| social construction of gender |
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| we construct our gender identities all through our lives, using the cultural materials we find around us. our gender identities are both voluntary - we choose to become who we are - and coerced - we are pressured, forced and often physically threatened to conform to certain rules |
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| a worldwide phenomenon that also afflicts US women, this term claims that women are over-represented among the world's poor and tend to be in worse economic straits than men in any given nation or population |
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| the significant and remarkably consistent gap between earnings of men and women. the gap between white men and women of color is larger than the gap between white men and white women |
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| work and workers are divide into different sectors - primary or secondary, formal or informal, male or female |
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| feminization of the professions |
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| the phenomenon in which salaries drop as female participation increases, revealing that it is less the intrinsic properties of the position that determines its wages and prestige, and more which sex does it |
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| term coined by sociologist Arlie Hochschild to describe how working women typically must work both outside the home for wages and inside the home doing domestic management and childcare |
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| a way of thinking and seeing the world that rests on the empirial observation that men and women are not equal in our society, and the moral stand that gender inequality is wrong and should change |
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| one of the 3 main branches of feminism today; focuses on the individual woman's rights and opportunities |
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| one of the 3 main branches of feminish today; argues that the experience of being a woman of color cannot be extracted from the experience of being a woman. multicultural feminists emphasize the historical context of racial and classbased inequalities |
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| one of the 3 main branches of feminism today; moves beyond discrimination economically and politically to argue that women are oppressed and subordinated by men directly, personally and most often through sexual relations |
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| a form of gender discrimination in the workplace that singles out women for differential treatment. 2 types: supervisor and subordinate (quid pro quo), co-worker and co-workers (hostile environment) |
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