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| A formal organization that attemots to maximize efficiency and productivity through the rationalization of work |
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| A set of people sharing a common culture or common circumstances perhaps thinking of themselves as a unit, but interacting with one another only minimally and in the absense of well-defined norms. |
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| When employees in a formal organization are hired, promoted, and compensated based on their performance and competence. |
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| Tasks where the performance of the group can only be as good as the performance of the weakest link or weakest member |
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| Diffusion of responsibility |
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| A tendency for members of a group to each assume others will take responsibility for a decision or action and hence, not taking responsibility themselves |
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| If any one individual can solve them, then the entire group is likely to solve them as well |
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| The tendency of bureaucracies to describe and interpret events in a way designed to mislead the hearer and to downplay any negative aspects of the organization |
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| Employee stock ownership plans |
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| employees have an opportunity to purchase stock in the form where they work at a discount or recieve stock as a part of their compensation for working their |
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| A form of social organization that is purposefully to meet its goals with maximum efficiency, often consisting of many individuals linked by a collective goals, roles for behavior, and relationships or authority |
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| Overzealous conformity to official regulations where their rigid application becoomes dysfunctional for the organizaation |
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| a relatively small nember of people who interact with one another over time, establishing patterns of interaciton, a group identity, and rules or norms governing behavior |
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| The tendency for individuals to be unwilling to express opinions which differ from a desired group consensus. |
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| The flexible, implicit norms governing an organization or group- what people actually do instead of what they are supposed to do. |
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| An enduring set of social relationships and ideas justifying them designed to achieve fundamental social needs or valued goals for a society such as education, criminal justice, and the military |
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| Talented people are promoted until they reach a level where they are incompetent |
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| one in which people have intimate face-to-face associations that endure for long periods of time |
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| Small works groups who meet regularly to assess group performance and identify ways to improve quality. |
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| A pervasive process characterizing modern society in which traditional mehtods and standards of social organization based on tradtion, belief, and even objectivily calcuable scientific criteria. |
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| any group a person considers when evaluating his or her actions or characteristics |
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| A group that is large and impersonal, members do not know each other inimately or completely, there are weak ties, and the group typically has a less profound impact on the members. |
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| A group of workers who make their own decision about important managment issues affecting their work |
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| a series of social relationships linking individuals directly to other individuals and indirectly to still othe individuals |
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| an ordered set of relationships among social actors having shared meaning |
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| A population usually living in the same geographic area, whose members are relativily independent of other socities and share a common culture |
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| members of a group holding the highest status within the group tend to be people who hold higher statuses outside the group as well. |
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| when members of a bureaucratic organization are unwilling to take bold decisions to handle problems in new ways and instead try to solve new problems using old methods |
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| organizations established to pursue common interests whose members volunteer and often even pay to participate |
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| the shared norms, values, and beliefs of a society |
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| actions are consisten with customs, norms, and prevailing public opinion |
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a violation of criminal law for which formal sancitons may be applied by some governmental authority |
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| crimes involving the threat of injury or force agaisnt people |
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| crimes involvinh stealing or damaging property |
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| behavior violating the norms or standards of a group, society, or one's peers |
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| crimes used by the FBI as summary measures of overall crime rates |
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| when someone is accepts the values of the dominant culture but rejucts the accepted means for achieving those values |
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| internalized social control |
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| the norms, values, and beliefs that they adopt as the are socialized into a society |
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| actions directed ata person with the intent of punishing him or her for some deviant behavior |
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| crimes committed by a collection of criminals who regulate criminal behavior among themselves, sometimes allocating particualr geographic regions or particular types of criminal activities such as gambling, prostitution, drugs, pornography,or loan-sharking to specific groups |
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| the exclusion or banning of a person from the normal activities of a group |
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| occasional deviance which does not affect an individuals performance of roles or self image |
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| a form of deviance in which does not affect an individuals performance of roles or self image |
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| continued criminal behavior after release from prison and rearrest |
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| residual rule-breaking behaviors |
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| behaviors such as inappropriate expressions of emotions, gestures and in genreal behaviors that make others uncomfortable and lead them to label the persons as strange, dangerous, or perhaps even sick |
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| a form of deviance in which a person rejects the goals and means for achieving theme but offers no alternatives |
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| overt conformity to norms of behavior without a commitment to the values which are a basis for those norms |
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| deliberate deviance where the person committing the act also recognozes it as a deviance |
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| a view of what is morally correct that they recoginze is limited to people in that situation and is widely rejected by the larger society |
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| the methods used for regulating human behavior in a society |
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| crimes only because of the status of the people who commit them |
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| a distinctive social characteristic or attribute identifuing its owner as socially unacceptable or disgraced |
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| the process of becoming viewed as somehow socially unacceptable or disgraced |
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| acts viewded as crimes in and of themselves even though they may not impose suffering on others |
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| crimes committed by relatively affluent white-collar workers usually in the course of conducting their daily business activities and are usually possible only because of the social statuses they occupy |
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| a socail status acuired through an indiviudals own actions |
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| a social status into which individuals are assigned with out regard for their actions, desires, or abilities |
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| times and places when the people a person wishes to impress favorably are not present |
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| when one person or group forces its will on another, based on the threat of phyiscal force or violence |
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| conflict but the interaction is governed by rules limiting the conflict and achieving the main goal of individual success is more important than defeating or subdoing opponents |
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| interaction among people or groups in which they act together to achieve a common goal which migh not be achievable acting alone. |
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| the social process through which the statuses and roles appropriate to a situation are identified |
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| a type of work activity requring the worker to display particualr emotions in the normal course of providing a service |
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| occasions or encounters in whihc people are in the presesnce others whom they would like to impress favorably. |
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| to refer to strategies people use to convey a favorable impression or favorable selg image to other people |
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| any social status formally defined as irrelevant to a situation and whihc should have no bearing on interaction |
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| the social that defines or structures the role set for a particular situation |
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| a social structure determined by the interactions though which people purpose, discuss, and often settle ona shated definition of the situation providing meaning for actions |
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| asserts that if you give someone something, you expect them to give you something of equal value in return |
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| a region around them within which they like to maintain control |
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| a set of expectation for anyone occupying a particular social status |
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occurs when different roles have incompatible expectaitons for the individual holding both of those roles |
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| all roles associated with a particular social status |
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| discomfort or difficulty on the part of an individual due to the difficulty of meeting the conflicting expectations of a single role |
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| as assumption that, once having been made, leads to the predictited event occuring |
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| social construction of reality |
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| the process by which people define reality, influenced by interactions with others as well as their own life experiences and assumptions |
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Definition
when the actions of twoo or more people toward one another are influenced by positive or negative rewards or sancitons they anticipate receiving from the interaction |
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| the process through which people affect one another through actions, interpretations of actions, and responses to actions |
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| the regular patterns of social interaction and persistant social relationships, expectations attached to positions and relationships, the distribution of social rewards |
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| the relative ranking or social prestige associated with the individual |
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| generalizations about a category of people asserting they have a particualr set of characteristics and not taking into account their individual differences |
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