Term
| Helping Behavior: Evolutionary Model |
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Definition
| kin selection,more help to immediate family, "fit" children, younger than older women |
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Term
| Helping Behavior: Egoism/Cost-Benefit |
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Definition
| motivation is primarily about our needs |
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Term
| Costs of helping behavior |
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Definition
| guilt (if no help given), safety (if given) ease (if not given) time (if given) |
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Term
| Benefits of helping behavior |
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Definition
| "hero status", avoid guilt, "salvation", message sending |
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Term
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Definition
| help without expectation of reward; residuals of evolutionary history |
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Term
| Helping Behavior: Immediate Environment |
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Definition
| involves emotions felt, i.e. helpers who reported high levels of empathy helped whether easy or hard to do so vs. egoism |
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Term
| Difficult to distinguish between "pro-social" behavior and "altruism because |
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Definition
| hard to observe someone's true motivation |
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Term
| part of any calculation in helping behavior of any kind |
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Definition
| norms that exist in our society |
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Term
| social responsibility norm |
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Definition
| should help dependent others |
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Term
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Definition
| give because I've been given to |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings of moral obligations based on one's own values...personal values |
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Term
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Definition
| they often conflict with one another |
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Term
| Stanford Prison Experiment, Summer 1971 |
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Definition
| Zimbardo, Quiet Rage, symbols of power and authority |
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Term
| Stanford experiment ended because |
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Definition
| grad student pointed out to Zimbardo that what he was doing was "terrible" and he realized that he had been sucked into the experiment as well |
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Term
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Definition
| same as helping behavior...use this terms because unsure if true altruism exists |
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Term
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Definition
| persists longer, even beyond barriers to help |
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Term
| example of norms conflicting and interfering with helping behavior |
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Definition
| "American" reaction: "none of my business"...concern that relationships are private |
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Term
| norm conflict of competing obligations |
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Definition
| "give a talk" study seminarians training to be clergy, told to hurry: passed by man on the ground moaning |
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Term
| emergency situations and helping behaviors |
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Definition
| Kitty Genovese murder in 70's: 38 witnesses did nothing, 1 called out his window, no calls to police |
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Term
| steps to help in emergency |
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Definition
| 1 perceive a need, 2 take responsibility 3 weigh costs and benefits 4 decide how to help |
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Term
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Definition
| looking to others for an idea of what to do if ambiguous situation |
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Term
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Definition
| if no one is responding, others don't either perceiving that its not their responsibility (similar to groupthink, silence is conducive to this) |
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Term
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Definition
response within 4 minutes:
if alone, 75% if others present 10% |
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Term
| broken ankle study..."can't move it, moans, cries, get this off of me" results: |
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Definition
| responses: if alone 70%, 1 other present 40%, confederate modeling passivity 10% |
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Term
| broken ankle study conclusion |
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Definition
| presence of others contributes to the failure to define a situation as needing intervention |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| when more people are around event, spread out amongst group members |
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Term
| epilipsy study using intercom, and no ambiguity "I need some help here" |
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Definition
| more subjects, less and slower response...when 1 subject and 4 others...only 1/3 get up to help |
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Term
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Definition
| intent to harm and target does not want or permit behavior; can be physical, psychological or social |
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Term
| aggression: Instinct theory |
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Definition
| one type: Freud, "thanatos" or death instinct, push toward destruction must be reigned in by rational ego |
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Term
| aggression: Instinct theory 2 |
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Definition
| evolutionary theory: means of eliminating the competition for resources, mates and allows us to respond to threat...fight or flight |
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Term
| problems with instinct theories |
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Definition
| generalizes from behavior of animals, and doesn't follow patterns as a true instinct |
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Term
| instincts, characteristics of |
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Definition
| universality and periodicity: ex, food and sex, can be sated so it has periodicity...aggression does not show periodicity |
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Term
| theory of aggression: immediate environment |
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Definition
| frustration-aggression hypothesis...cues: agression as a response to frustration |
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Term
| frustration-aggression strong version |
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Definition
| if x then y AND if y then there must have been x |
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Term
| why is frust-aggression theory falsifiable? |
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Definition
| frustration is not only a function of goal-blocking (goal achievement doesn't take away agression) not all display aggression |
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Term
| frustration leads to aggression when: |
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Definition
| worse when insult or attack is involved, and when blocked when one is close to the goal (front of line versus back) or for an arbitrary reason |
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Term
| social influences on aggression |
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Definition
| reinforcement and modeling (social learning) and culture |
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Term
| reinforcement of aggression |
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Definition
| paying attention to it, approval of it "stand up for yourself" |
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Term
| modeling/social learning of aggression |
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Definition
| learning what is possible, what the appropriate norm is, and what behavior is successful |
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Term
| Bobo doll experiment at Stanford where aggression was modeled for pre school aged children with verbal descriptions...result |
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Definition
| act of watching others behave that way makes kids act in certain ways |
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Term
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Definition
| one must "save face", present as a strong person, must deal with situation, respond to an aggressive act |
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Term
| explanation for culture of honor |
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Definition
| began in places where law enforcement couldn't be relied upon to protect property, family, livestock, etc. ...messages stay behind even when future generations don't face same challenges |
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Term
| culture of honor experiment (bump/asshole study) |
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Definition
| after insults and bump in hallway cortisol measured in participants was 35 (northeners) and 80 (southeners): the bump was the activation |
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Term
| media and aggression, analogy |
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Definition
| smoking analogy: media as a "risk factor" as smoking is to getting cancer |
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Term
| overall conclusion on media and aggressive behavior |
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Definition
| .2 correlation...small but one exists |
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Term
| longitudinal design/panel design |
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Definition
| group of kids over period of time (at age 8, then at age later...) no relationship when lines don't cross... |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at as many studies as possible, here...bias towards effect vs no effect because "no effect" doesn't usually get published |
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Term
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Definition
| imitation of aggressive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| priming: creating aggressive schema |
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Term
| affect of arousal on aggression |
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Definition
| excitation transfer "amped up", gets transferred and agression is displayed |
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Term
| affect relationship to aggression |
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Definition
| desensitization; but can't study experimentally |
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