Term
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Definition
| Who you are and what you carry with you, identity (gender is a part of you). Socialization (social agent, reinforcements), Biology (Hormones, Genes, Sex, Brain), and Evolutionary(survival of the fittest, reproduction |
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Term
| Interactionist approaches |
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Definition
| - Social Situations, it’s what you do. Doing Gender (Accomplishment), Homophily (people are drawn to those whose attitudes, values, and beliefs are similar to their own). Status characteristic: gendered and ranked tasks (male/higher rank, inequality). Identification: based on the treatment we receive, we identify with the same gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender is Multi-leveled. Gender is a social structure in society. Most comprehensive. (organizational perspective is included within) |
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Term
Udry 2000 (biological perspective)
· Definition of gender |
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Definition
| How masculine or feminine you are on a task that usually differs between the sexes. |
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Term
Udry 2000 (biological perspective)
Primary hypothesis and main findings |
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Definition
| How much testosterone you are exposed to during the second trimester of pregnancy. If you are exposed to more testosterone, you can’t be socialized to be feminine. |
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Term
Udry 2000 (biological perspective)
Theoretical perspectives: |
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Definition
| Biosocial (individual level of analysis) |
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Term
Udry 2000 (biological perspective)
Is change possible? Should change happen? |
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Definition
| Change is only possible if women become more masculine because men are immune to feminine socialization. |
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Term
| Critiques of Udry (Kennelly, Merz, and Lorber 2001; Risman 2001)[all nstitutional perspective] |
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Definition
[all nstitutional perspective]
Definitions of gender: The way you act based on the position you were placed in. |
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Term
| Problems with Udry’s article: |
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Definition
| value-laden/biased, didn’t cite anyone recent, doesn’t account for cultural variation, doesn’t account for similarities, places people into two distinct camps (binary) where no overlap is possible, bad questions - can’t measure femininity or masculinity |
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Term
| How to make change happen based off of what the critiques of Udry said; |
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Definition
| We should make femininity something positive, not something to be immunized against |
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Term
| Howard and Hollander 2000 (socialization perspective) |
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Definition
Elements of the socialization perspective
Children learn gendered behavior from their environment through a variety of processes, including imitation and modeling.
Implications- Essentialism> Gender Stereotypes
· Weaknesses of the socialization perspective: We can’t change gender because it is so deep seeded, doesn’t account for differences between cultures -- to the extent it is, We still have natural view of gender. |
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Term
| Thorne 1994 (examples of socialization perspective)- INDIVIDUAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS |
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Definition
Borderwork (actions that define borders and emphasize differences; gender is most important part of that activity/thing. example: elders’ quorum and relief society) most salient feature. and neutralization (activity where gender doesn’t matter as much, a different characteristic is more important. example: kids on playground in debate with authority of recess patrol--age is defining characteristic) the children are put on the same team.
Borderwork ENFORCES gender norms |
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Term
| Thorne 1994 -Issues of power |
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Definition
| power issues become more salient as people get older (dont quote me on this!), power and sexuality coincide as people get older, How we hold our physical bodies show how comfortable we are in settings and shows who has power, boys have more spatial power over girls |
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Term
| West and Zimmerman 1987 (internationalism perspective – doing gender)Def of Gender |
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Definition
| “emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangments and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society.” |
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Term
| West and Zimmerman 1987 - Sex (Male/Female) |
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Definition
| Socially agreed upon criteria, your body), sex category (woman/man, group you are placed in, what you display.), gender (masculine/feminine, being held accountable for sex category.), and sexuality (who you kiss). They are all independent of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| doing gender is unavoidable because we are always placed in sex category |
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Term
Lucal 1999 (interactional perspective)
Definition of gender |
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Definition
| -If gender is a product of interaction, and if it is produced in a particular context, then it can be changed if we change our performances. However, the effects of a performance linger, and gender ends up being institutionalized |
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Term
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Definition
| “Bending” the quantifier used to determine gender are made more wide in it’s acceptance of a certain gender category. |
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Term
Lucal 1999
What she sees as the problem |
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Definition
| gender is meant to oppress women (see Lorber) |
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Term
Lucal 1999
What she sees as a goal |
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Definition
| Not create a new category, just expand the two categories to be more broad. |
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Term
Lucal 1999
Gender misattribution |
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Definition
| when you misattribute the wrong gender to someone who is the other gender |
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Term
Lorber 1994 (interactional perspective)
Definition of gender |
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Definition
| Social position and actions based on position |
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Term
Lorber 1994
Gender bending and transsexuals |
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Definition
| Challenge gender system, what gender means. |
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Term
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Definition
| (gender creates social differences -- learned.), stratification (ranking system, leads to inequality), and structure( gender is a system, a social order) |
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Term
Ridgeway and Correll 2004 (institutional perspective)
Definition of gender |
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Definition
| Gender is an institutionalized set of practice |
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Term
Ridgeway and Correll 2004
Gender beliefs (hegemonic and alternative) |
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Definition
the beliefs or rules that take into the situations.
· Social relational contexts: the arena or the situation. |
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Term
| THE HUNGER GAMES ANALOGY: |
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Definition
Gender: two districts, one for each gender
Gender beliefs: the rules that are set and can’t change (for example; kill everyone).
Social Relational Contexts: The hunger games arena may change, but the rules don’t. |
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Term
Ridgeway and Correll 2004
Is change possible? Should it happen? How would it happen? |
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Definition
| It can’t happen because people carry their beliefs with them to each new arena. |
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Term
Risman 2004 (institutional perspective)
Strengths of the “gender as a structure” perspective |
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Definition
| No theory warfare, multilevel, provide a direction for change. |
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Term
Risman 2004
Intersectionality (definition and example) |
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Definition
| Can’t analyze in isolation, multiple inequalities coming from different directions. Race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, culture. |
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Term
Risman 2004
Is change possible? Should it happen? How would it happen? |
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Definition
| Egalitarian couples - equal it is hard. There are consequences -- individual level personalities have to match, interactional level friends have to be supportive,institutional level jobs and economic structures have to be flexible and supportive. |
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Term
England 2010 (institutional perspective)
What changes have happened? |
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Definition
| Women are working. Women elected to political office. Socialization of children is changing. Upper and middle class women move into masculine jobs. |
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Term
England 2010
What changes haven't happened? |
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Definition
| Men are not working into feminine jobs. dating and relationships have not changed their gendered system. |
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Term
England 2010
Why hasn't things happened? |
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Definition
| because of devaluation of women’s jobs. |
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Term
England 2010
Gender Essentialism |
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Definition
| Gender essentialism stalls desegregation in the workplace. When women move into jobs, those jobs are paid less overtime. why shifts aren’t happening, because we believe that all gender differences are naturally and biologically created. |
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