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| Decentered view of consciousness |
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Definition
| Consciousness is beyond the individual himself/beyond his body, self consciousness occurs through social interaction by taking on the role of others |
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| Involves communication where an individual take the role of another in order to reflect back the significance and outcome of their own actions |
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| The basis of other perspective views on your behavior, self criticism is social criticism because when we are examining our own actions it is from the standpoint of the general other |
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| necessary to acquire consciousness, self only emerges once one is able to take on the role of the generalized other |
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| where children act in a way resembling the people and things that immediately surround them, initially no partners are necessary bc child takes on all roles |
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| in order to interact successfully one must have some understanding of the particular roles |
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| arising in the immediacy of the present, the acting subject, that which is actualy going on and taking place, the source of creativity |
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| the conscious self reflective portion of the self, the self taken as an object from how it is viewed by the generalized other |
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| reality does not exist to something objectively independently out there, instead our reality is actively constructed by individuals, knowledge of the world is not based on our theories but instead is determined by what works |
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| German idealism and formalism |
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Definition
| to develop self consciousness one has to be recognized by others, various forms of interaction that help to organize social life, dialectical approach |
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| albean smalt was the Founder in 1892, the dominant school within american sociology |
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| Symbolic Interactionism (SI) |
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Definition
| interpet reality and social world, knowledge of the world is not basedon reality of the world but by what works |
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| Studied at the Univ of Chicago and coined the term symbolic interactionism in 1937, qualitative methodology was necessary for soc (ethnography, naturalistic ways) |
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| meanings, social interaction, interpretive process |
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| human beings act towards things on the basis of the meaning that those things have for them |
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| the meaning is derived from or arises out of the social interaction that one has with its fellows |
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| meanings are handled and modified by the person and others based on their encounter with the subject, necessity of gaining meaning through interaction |
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| social science employs theatrical performances |
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| The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life |
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| first major work of Goffman in 1959, use of theater to descibe human nature and all |
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| the manipulation of cues to control and organize the impression we give to others both consciously and unconsciously |
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| the show that is put on in front of observers that have an influence on them |
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| Techniques of “information control” |
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| concealing, obliterating signs that people see, disidentifiers |
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| stages where we perform in order to maintain self presentation on an every day basis |
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| the formal, official position, adheres to conventions that have meaning to the audience |
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| off the record, not bound by the exigencies of public role, "truth of the performance" |
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| specific performances are given to specific audiences to meet the criteria of that audience, preserve proper relationships |
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| particular technique employed to keep the observers at a sense of awe to maintain social distance |
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| individuals who cooperate to enact a goal-oriented performance |
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| the disgrace that arouses concern, include blemishes of character, tribal, and abominations of the body |
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| people who are considered normal but have an increased amount of knowledge for the stigmatized individual so they are accepted into the stigmatized group |
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| people who have the stigma |
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| people with apparent stigmas |
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| well known but not apparent stigmas |
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| depends on perceptibility and knowledge, being perceived as normal to hide their stigma |
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| signs that are considered "normal" by society but that do not truly charecterize you |
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| stigma is much more common than it is perceived to be, at some point there will be a mismatch between actual and virtual social identities for everyone |
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| when the player is not deliberately acting in the game |
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| an unwitting move as judged by another player |
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| improvse a player's standing in a game if accepted by other players |
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| spying or examination of the player or marks to find out information |
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| to make the information seem false, throw off the uncovering move |
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| occurs when 2 or more people are in each other's immediate presence |
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| recognize others cognitively and by socially recognizing |
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| a member that is in a socially exposed position so you can communicate with them without having prior communication |
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| Where Goffman develops his notion of the total institution |
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| under the notion of batch living meaning all activities are done in the presence of a batch of others |
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| adaptations by patients to the total institution which include situational withdrawl, intransient line, colonization, conversion |
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| challenge the staff by refusing to cooperate |
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| the institution may provide a small smapling of the outer world |
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| patient tries to portray the perfect patient |
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| The Department of Social Relations |
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| founded by Parsons at harvard, produced a number of brilliant grad students including Merton & Garfinkle |
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| The Structure of Social Action |
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| where he looks at how the institutional integration of motivation takes place |
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| A hypothetical entity representing any instance of human social behavior which consist of some of end or goal. Consists of ends, means, conditions, and norms(most imp). |
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| the modes of interaction between actors including shared normative standards, rewards for compliance, sanctions for non-compliance |
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| Institutional integration of motivation |
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| values and beliefs of society are internalized in personality system and institutionalized in social system |
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| scheme for classifying social relationships, there are 5 dichotomous classifications |
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| affectivity-affective neutrality |
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| high emotional stance v. emotional neutrality |
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| range of roles an actor has |
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| universalism-particularism |
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| judged upon same criteria v. judged upon a specific criteria |
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| who someone is v. what they can do |
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| self orientation v. communal orientation |
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| The four function paradigm (AGIL) |
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| adaptation, goal-attainment, integration, pattern mainenance |
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| gaining control of the environment that you are in, both social and natural |
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| organizing activities of social units into a conserted effort to change the systems relationship environment |
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| process of generating long term commitment to the shared values of the social system |
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| The four subsystems of society |
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Definition
| economy (adaptation), polity (goal attainment), societal community (integration), fiduciary system (pattern maintenance or latency) |
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| autonomous from other kinship families |
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| Role structures of the family |
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| differentiated by age and gender |
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| organized sets of social relationships in which members of the society are variously implicated |
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| focused on normative content of society |
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| refers to a differentiated access to resources, based on hierarchy. |
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| the disjuncture between the cultural goals and the institutional means to attain them |
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| contrued of a person's motivations or her adherence to cultural goals and their belief in how to attain her goals |
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| they have the goals, and the means to attain those goals |
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| they have goals, but they do not have the means to attain these goals |
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| they do not have goals, but they have the means to attain them. |
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| they have no goals, and no means to attain them |
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| wish to start new goals and means |
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| science requires a particular environment in order for it to properly function. |
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| The institutional imperatives of science |
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| norms that scientists abide by to achieve originality |
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| science should be impersonable, not dependent on social characteristics |
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| scientific knowledge is shared to community of scientists and freely communicated and distributed |
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| findings and experiments shouldn’t be determined by their structure in economt, driven by internal satisfaction of truth instead of external |
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| questioning that is often indirect |
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| focuses on how already established sociologists get more attention than the ones who have no exposure |
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| “obliteration by incorporation” |
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| situation where original source and idea are forgotten b/c of long use and widespread use of idea |
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| puritanism provided the set of assumptions that was needed for the emergence of empirical science, ended up becoming a counterforce to religion |
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| The “imperious immediacy of interest” |
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| because scientists are so interested in pure science they tend to overlook the larger social consequences and therefore can lead to negative attitutdes towards science |
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| argue who made the discovery first |
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| a part of the rewards system of science, since the findings of science are a communal product |
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| Ambivalence (originality vs. humility) |
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| bundles potentially incompatible norms into a single social role |
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| refers to the strong institutional value placed on original contributions to scientific knowledge which leads scientists to want recognition |
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| leads scientists to insist how little they have in fact been able to accomplish, admonishing against claiming too much and acknowledging their indebtedness to the work of other scientists |
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| scientist perform studies to try and earn prestige, a dysfunction of the rewards system |
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| Functions of redundancy in science |
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Definition
| provides substantiation of previous findings, ensures that we don't miss discoveries |
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| metaphor analysis for social life, improvising strategies and acting more on tacit forms |
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| term for his overall approach, historical nature of his inquiries and also qualifies the more structural approach he is taking |
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| ignores agency and focuses on structure, sees the scientist as not constrained by their place within the social structure |
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| ignore the constraining role of social structure and focus on the agent himself assuming that the agent has more freedom/control of their own actions |
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| form of forgetting that agents are caught up in and produced by the world, key to symbolic violence |
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| structured dispositions of agents, what gives social agents their feel for the game |
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| what is at stake in the game |
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| key form, things such as skills/knowledge and various forms of cultural acquision |
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| social connections and networks, who you know |
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| prestige or renowned, what's being sought after in particular fields |
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| space of positions and space of position takings |
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| using the critical tools developed by sociology in order to analyze the social sciences themselves, to be reflective with one's theory |
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| focusing on development and allocation of resources. |
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| focused on coordinating the pursuit of collective goals. |
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| social classes, communities serve the function of integrating different parts. |
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| which specializes in the transmission and development of societies values and cultures. |
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