Term
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Definition
| Any Category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates |
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Term
| Minority (Based on what?) |
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Definition
| Based on Race and Ethnicity |
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Term
| The four major states that have the largest minority population |
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Definition
| California, New Mexico, Texas, Hawaii |
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Term
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Definition
| Social Class, Sex, Sexual Orientation, Age, Political Affiliation, Race, Ethnicity |
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Term
| Prejudice (Usually in the form of what?) |
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Definition
| Prejudice takes form of stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalization about a group of people |
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Term
| Measuring Prejudice ( uses what scale? ) |
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Definition
| The social distance scale |
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Term
| Social Distance (Definition) |
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Definition
| How close people are willing to interact with members of the other category |
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Term
| Emory Bogardus ( found what? ) |
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Definition
| that people felt more social distance from some category |
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Term
| 3 Major finding in patterns of social distance among college students |
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Definition
a). long term trend toward great social acceptance of all minorities
b). see lees difference between various minorities
c). Terrorist attacks of 9/11 impacted the social acceptance of Arabs/Muslims |
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Term
| Prejudice and Discrimination ( do they reinforce each other? ) |
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Definition
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Term
| Thomas Theorem (Definition) |
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Definition
| Situations that are defined as real become real based on their consequences |
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Term
| Stereotypes ( how is it real? ) |
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Definition
| Real to people who believe them and those victimize them |
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Term
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Definition
Prejudice & Discrimination perpetuate each other in 3 stages.
1. Prejudice and Discrimination leads to
2. Social Disadvantage leads to
3. Belief of minority innate inferiority leads to [1] |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct, but have equal social standing |
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Term
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Definition
| No, Although most value our cultural heritage, few people who live with others of their category do so by choice. Tolerance for social diversity in the U.S only goes so far. People of various colors and cultures do not have equal social standing. |
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Term
| Assimilation ( Definition ) |
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Definition
| Process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture. |
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Term
| Assimilation ( enforces what? ) |
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Definition
Separation that harms minority,
a). De jure separation: by law
b). De facto separation: in fact |
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Definition
| Having little contact with outside society |
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Definition
| Systematic killing of one category of people by another |
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Term
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Definition
1. Important to recognize the degree which U.S. Society was built on genocide
2. Segregation of African Americans
3. Is Genocide a relic of the past?
a.) Recent examples include Rwanda in 1994 and Bosnia in 1992-1995 |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that one race is innately superior to all others |
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Term
| Discrimination ( Definition ) |
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Definition
Unequal treatment of minority categories
a.) denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals
b.) overt discrimination
1.) Hate Crimes |
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Term
| Institutional Discrimination (Definition) |
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Definition
Bias built into the operations of our institutions
a.) Schools, Hospital, Law Enforcement, Work Place |
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Term
| Conflict Perspective on Race |
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Definition
1. Prejudice is used as a tool by the powerful to oppress others
2. Racial inequalities keep members of subordinate groups in low paying jobs |
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction on Race |
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Definition
3 variants of micro-level, symbolic interaction perspective
a.) Scapegoat theory
b.) Authoritarian personality
c.) Culture theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice comes from frustration among dominant categories that are also themselves disadvantaged. |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
| Traits where people rigidly conform to conventional cultural values |
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Term
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Definition
| Some Prejudice is found in everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attached to being female or male |
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Term
| Social Construct (Definition) |
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Definition
an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society
a.) Gender differences are created and maintained by society and are not based on biology |
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Term
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Definition
| Qualities or appearance traditionally associated with men |
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Definition
| Qualities or appearance traditionally associated with women |
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| Gender Stratification (Definition) |
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Definition
| Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women |
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Definition
| Men and women share both work and decision making, Gender Equality, Achieved Remarkable Social equality |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture is the key to gender distinctions, because the definitions of masculine and feminine differ across different societies |
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Definition
| Men fall into hunting and warfare while women are home centered instead |
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Definition
| Yes, Gender is too variable to be simply an expression of purely biology |
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Definition
| Form of social organization in which females dominate males |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of social organization where males dominate females |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that one sex is innately superior to the other |
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Term
| Is Sexism a Justification for Patriarchy? |
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Definition
| Yes, Justification for patriarchy |
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Term
| Costs of sexism for women |
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Definition
Limits the talents and ambitions of women
Higher risks of gender based violence
Voice and agency is often lower than that of males |
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Term
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Definition
Type A personality- health consequences
As men seek control, they lose opportunities for intimacy and trust |
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Term
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Definition
human feelings, thoughts, and actions
Children learn quickly how society defines male and female by age 3 |
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Term
| Gender Roles ( Definition ) |
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Definition
| attitudes and behavior that are associated with gender |
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Term
| Learn how to “do gender” from 4 agents of socialization what are the 4? |
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Definition
Family
Peer group
School
Mass media |
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Term
| Gender and Schooling are females the majority of students on college? |
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Definition
| Yes, Women now the majority of students on college(57%) |
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Term
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Definition
60% of women in the workforce; 75% work full-time
More than half of all married couples depend on two incomes |
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Term
| Factors that have changed the U.S. labor force |
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Definition
Decline of farming
Growth of cities
Shrinking family size
Rising divorce rate |
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Term
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Definition
High concentration of women in two types of jobs
Administrative work(“pink collar jobs”)
Service work(food, childcare, and healthcare)
Men dominate most other job categories |
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Term
| Do men dominate most other job categories? |
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Definition
| Yes Men dominate other job categories aside from pink collared jobs |
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Term
| Are women kept out of certain jobs by defining some kinds of work as "Masculine"? |
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Definition
| Women are kept out of certain jobs by defining some kinds of work as “masculine” |
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Term
| Gender, Income, and Wealth |
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Definition
Women earn 80 cents for every dollar earned by men
Differences are greater among older workers |
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Term
| 3 main reasons why women earn less |
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Definition
Type of work
Less-important jobs = “women’s work”
Society’s view of the family
Responsibility of parenting to women
Pregnancy and raising children
Discrimination against women
Because it’s illegal, it’s practiced subtly
Glass ceiling prevents many women from rising above middle management
Housework: Women’s “Second Shift” |
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Term
| Gender and Education-recent trends |
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Definition
By 1980, women earned majority of associate and bachelor’s degrees
Differences in men’s and women’s majors are becoming smaller
1992 is the first time women earned a majority of postgraduate degrees
Men still dominate some professional fields |
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Term
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Definition
Although women received the right to vote in the U.S. with the 19th amendment, change is slower at the highest level of power
In U.S., women hold 25% of the seats in congress |
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Term
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Definition
At every class level
Women typically have less
Income
Wealth
Education
Power |
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Term
| Minority Women: Intersection Theory |
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Definition
Definition: interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
Disadvantages: linked to race and gender combine to produce low social standing
Differences in pay structure reflect minority women’s lower positions in the occupational and educational hierarchies
Gender does not operate alone |
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Term
| Gender Stratification Structural-functionalist |
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Definition
Talcott Parsons- complementarity
Gender forms a complementary set of roles
Links women and men into family units
Gives each sex responsibility for carrying out important tasks
Gender plays an important part in socialization
Integrates society both structurally and morally
CRITICAL REVIEW
Assumes a singular vision of society
Ignores the personal strains and social costs of rigid gender roles |
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Term
| Gender Stratification Social Conflict View |
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Definition
Gender involves differences in behavior and power
Similarity between how traditional ideas about gender benefit men and the oppression of racial and ethnic minorities benefits whites
Conventional ideas about gender create division and tension
According to Engles, gender supports social inequality in a capitalist class system
Capitalism intensifies male domination
Creates more wealth, which give greater power to men as earners and owners of property
An expanding capitalist economy depends on turning people into consumers
Society assigns women the task of maintaining the home to allow men to work in factories
CRITICAL REVIEW
Social-conflict analysis minimizes the extent to which women and men live together cooperatively and often happily |
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Term
| Gender Stratification Symbolic-Interaction |
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Definition
Doing gender
Gender is part of the reality that guides social interaction in everyday situations.
Gender is a factor that helps us relation to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| advocacy of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism |
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Term
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Definition
Working to increase equality
Expanding human choice
Eliminating gender stratification
Ending sexual violence
Promoting sexual freedom |
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Term
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Definition
Liberal Feminism
Socialist Feminism |
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Term
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Definition
Individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests
Accept the basic organization of society but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities for women |
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Term
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Definition
Capitalism increases patriarchy by concentrating wealth and power in the hands of a small number of men
Argues for an end to social classes and to family and gender roles that encourage domestic slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| Believe that the patriarchy is so entrenched that a socialist revolution would not be enough to end it |
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Term
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Definition
Organize patterns of beliefs and behaviors that are centered on basic social needs
Such as replacing personal and preserving order |
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Term
| Do all societies have social institutions? |
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Definition
| Yes all societies have social institutions, so it can be called a cultural universal |
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Term
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Definition
| General Practices found in every culture such as sports, food preparation and funeral ceremonies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tasks that a society must perform in order to survive |
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Term
| Functional Prerequisites Tasks (6) |
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Definition
1. Replacing personnel
2. Teaching new recruits
3. Producing and distributing goods and services
4. Preserving order
5. Providing and maintain a sense of purpose
6. Individual reflection: family traditionally consists of a mother, father, child, and pet due to depictions in movies and tv shows which show the ideal family condition. The family is always happy with nothing going wrong for them. Typically they all live together, and is now not limited to only blood relatives
Those that care each other and keep each other up |
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Term
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Definition
| social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children. |
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Term
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Definition
two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption
Responsible for reproduction and caring for members of society |
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Term
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Definition
family composed of two parents and their children (also known as conjugal family)
30% of US families are nuclear families |
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Term
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Definition
social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
Culturally learned
Do not always live together or function as a collective body |
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Term
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Definition
| assigns people to kinship groups according to their relationship with their father or mother |
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Term
| 3 ways of determining descent |
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Definition
Bilateral: both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important
Patrilieneal: favors the father’s relatives in terms of property, inheritance, and emotional ties
Matrilieneal: favors the mother’s relatives… |
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