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| Any behavior that violates a norm |
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| Ensuring member conformation to norms |
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| Process that leads us to internalize our societies normative expectations |
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| process that structure our world of social experience |
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| those that employ various formal/informal sanctions |
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| theory that deviance derives from social strain |
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| behavior that violates social norms but usually goes unnoticed by the agents of social control |
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| deviance that indivduals adopt in response to the reactions of other indivduals |
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| the process by which a society becomes increasingly specialized over time |
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| the structured ranking of individuals and groups; their grading into heirarchical layers or strata |
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| grouping of people based on what they own |
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| the party that realize their will in human affairs even through resistance of others |
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| social respect viewed based on accomplishments |
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| the likelihood that individuals and groups will enjoy desired goods and services, fulfilling experiences, and opportunities for living healthy and long lives. |
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| the process in which or groups move from one level to another in the stratification system |
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| lowest level in the social stratum |
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| a racially or culturally self conscious population, with hereditary membership and a high degree of in-group marriage, which suffers oppression at the hands of a dominant segment of a nation-state |
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| a population that differs from other populations in the incidence of various hereditary traits |
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| groups identified chiefly on cultural grounds-- language, religion, folk practices, dress, gestures, and mannerisms |
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| attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to it |
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| the arbitrary denial of priviledge, prestige, and power tomembers of a minority group whose qualifications are equal to those members of the dominatn group |
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| the belief that some racial groups are naturally superior and others are inferior |
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| symbolic racism(modern racism) |
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| a form of racism in which whites feel that blacks are too aggressive, do not play by the rules, and have negative characteristics |
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| a situation where diverse groups coexist side by side and mutually accomodate themselves to their differences |
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| those processes whereby groups with distincitve identities become culturally and socially fused |
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| the decision-making process whereby people are admitted to offices and postions of priviledge, prestige, and power within a society |
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| the sociocultural distinction between males and females |
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| sets of cultural expectations that define the ways in which members of each sex should behave |
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| the conceptions we have of ourselvees being male or female |
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| disallowing priviledge, prestige, and power to a gender to the minority gender with the same qualifications as the majority gender |
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| an arrangement that consists of people who exercise an effective monopoly in the use of physical coercion within a given territory |
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| those political processes that have to do with the authoritative formulating of the rules and policies that are binding and pervasive throughout a society |
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| the process whereby an act, process, or ideology becomes legitimate by its attachment to norms and values within a given society |
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| a social and economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system. |
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| an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |
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| a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution |
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| the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved. |
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| anomie, cultural transmission, conflict, control, labeling, |
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| theories of stratification |
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| functionalist, confilct, synthesis of perspectives |
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| reacitve agencies of the state including police, courts, and prison |
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| index, organized, hate, whitecollar, and victimless |
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| what is defined as ddeviant behavior changes with time based on established and changing social norms |
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| internalization of norms* |
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| learning what the norms are, learning to believe norms are legitimate |
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| Structure of social experience* |
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| institutions unconsciously restrict us to our world where alternative standards seem to not exist |
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| formal and informal sanctions* |
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Definition
formal sanctions- reactions to official agents of social control.
informal sanctions- reactions to deviance in small communities |
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| social construction of deviance* |
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Definition
| each society builds its own version of norms and deviant behavior relative to that society |
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| studying stratification based on income, occupation, or education |
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| studying stratification by having people identify where they think they belong |
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| study of stratification by asking individuals to rank others |
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| correlates of social class |
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| poor-hispanics,blacks,children, widowed and divorced women |
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| movement of social status to higher or lower rank |
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| movement of social status to one of relatively equal rank |
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| intergenerational mobility |
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| comparison of parents and their childrens status at the same point in their careers |
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| status attainment process |
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| birth into a family, education |
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| based on cultural grounds-language,folk practices,dress,gestures,maneurisms,religion along with hereditary traits |
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stereotype-preconception of a person based on their race
prejudice-hate for a person based solely by their race |
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| indvid. vs instistutional discrim. |
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Definition
ind-prejudice actions against a person
instit-producing unequal outcomes for different groups |
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| how has prejudice declined? |
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| continued immigration resulting in less of a "minority" |
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| functionalist vs conflict perspective on gender |
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Definition
fuct-families organize lines with men in instrumental task and women expressive
conflict-men created division of labor to ensure superiority in relationships with women |
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| functionalist vs conflict perspect on state |
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Definition
funct-essential social institution evolved as with modernization
conflict-vehicle for one group to impose values and stratification on others |
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traditional authority-sanctity of old-age customs.
legal-rational-explicite rules and procedures define rights and duties of power positions
charasmatic-superhuman/supernatural qualities attributed to a leader |
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| decisions about whats made,how much,and costs is between consumers and producers |
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| state or central authority determines what how much and price of goods produced |
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| society structured in a way that place constraints on decision makers rendering a foregone conclusion |
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| concentration of power in small groups of elites is inevitable(corp execs, military, high ranking politicians) |
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| groups run the government even since every group can veto policies that harm them. groups remain inactive until interests are threatened. |
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| single divorced parents, hispanics, blacks, widowed/divorced older women |
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| conformity, sharpen/highlight norms, strengthen groups, catalyst for change |
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| instituional life jeopardized, undermines willingness to play roles in order to contribute to social enterprise, damages/undermines trust |
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| old-age customs. (divine right) |
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| explicit rules and rational procedures define rights and duties of people in power. (US) |
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| superhuman/supernatural qualities attributed to a leader (prophets/militants/political heroes) |
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| domestic programs launched by president johnson attempting to eliminate poverty and racial injustice in 1964-65. Medicare/Medicaid, Wellfare, Job Corps, VISTA, Peace Corps, etc. |
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| power organized and wielded by the state |
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| power wielded through all types of economic organizations seen in use of employees or creating favorable business environments by controlling economy and politics |
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| Power expressed through oligoplies (GM, IBM, GE) in the US. multinationals control power in several countries due to vast profits exceeding countries total profits |
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| orgazniztion designed to gain control of govt by placing its people in office |
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| groups seeking benefits from which their members would gain |
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| groups seeking to benefit society as a whole |
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| used to elect or defeat candidates. they donate large sun=ms of money to later reap benefits of favors. |
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| all forms of media organizations thats main role is agenda setting-makes a problem the publics number one priority |
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| powers of govt derived from consent of the governed |
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| does not tolerate little to no oppostion but allows public debate of plicy through nongovt institutions |
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| govt controls all aspects ofsociety and life |
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women-babies, verbal ability, long hair
men-create babies, visual spatial ability, math, more aggression, stronger, sex drive, |
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| replaced AFDC elimated long term use of wellfare by requiring work after 2 years of assistance, 5 years max assistance(on/off), states use grant money as they please, promoted marriage |
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| 83% wealth owned by top 20%/ bottom 20% owe more than they own/ bottom 60% total 6% total wealth. whites on avg much wealthier than minorities. $1/$.1/$.12 W/B/H |
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| one sex is superior, institutions provide unequal outcomes for men and women |
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| system of social organization where men have disproportionate share of power |
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| growing population, quarter of youths are girls, 1 in 5 arrests is female, more likely to be arrested for less violent crimes |
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| not consolidated, different concentrated locations, varying demographic and socioeconomic charcteristics |
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| still face disadvantages provided vast improvements, unlikely to have full integration in near future |
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| vary greatly, harshly poor and disadvantaged |
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| varied group, china, japan, korean earn 1.5x higher than whites. laotians, cambodians, vietnamese generally low |
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| functionalist theory stratification |
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| beneficial for society, motivates people |
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| conflict theory stratification |
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| stratification is bad because it benefits those with power only and exploits others |
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| poor feel helpless and inferior. blames poor for being poor |
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| only poor briefly. fire, accident, death |
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| poor is structure of capitalism |
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| just a part of the cycle of boom and bust |
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