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SOC chapter1
chapter1 key terms
46
Sociology
Not Applicable
02/09/2017

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Term
Sociology
Definition
a systematic approach to thinking about, studying and understanding society
Term
Auguste Comte
Definition
coined the term sociology, considered the founder of sociology
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
a conflict theorist,who believed that conflict was a result of economy
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
theorist who believed that society was held together by common values and beliefs, did the first studies on suicide.
Term
Talcott Parsons
Definition
considered the most influential american sociologist, viewed society as a stable though complex system of interdependent parts
Term
C. Wright Mills
Definition
his theories about the power elite set the stage for research on the American power struggle
Term
subjectivity
Definition
basing an understanding on personal values and experience, human judgement plays a role therefore biases can and do occur
Term
objectivity
Definition
basing an understanding independent of personal values and experiences
Term
applied sociology
Definition
research conducted to provide solutions to immediate practical problems
Term
academic sociology
Definition
research conducted for the sake of knowledge
Term
Methodology
Definition
system of rule procedures and principles that guides scientific investigation
Term
empirical research
Definition
involves direct observance using the senses (sight, hearing)
Term
variable
Definition
any characteristic that can change or differ from time to time
Term
causation
Definition
when one variable has an influence on another
Term
correlation
Definition
determining the relationship between 2 variables
Term
controls
Definition
methods used in experimentation that helps eliminate extraneous cause to a relationship between 2 variables
Term
population
Definition
entire group of people the researcher is focused on studying (single mothers, men age 21)
Term
random sample
Definition
subjects chosen in a way that allows every member of the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample
Term
Verstehen
Definition
a principle used by Max Weber that means empathetic understanding
Term
beliefs
Definition
shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture
Term
counterculture/ subculture
Definition
created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture
Term
cultural capital
Definition
A.K.A. social capital,cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy and that gives advantages to groups possessing such capital
Term
cultural diffusion
Definition
the transmission of cultural elements from one society or culture group to another
Term
cultural hegemony
Definition
the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
the idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears
Term
culture
Definition
the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines a way of life for a given group or society
Term
culture lag
Definition
the delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions
Term
culture shock
Definition
the feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation
Term
dominant culture
Definition
the culture of the most powerful group in society
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the belief that ones in-group is superior to all out-groups
Term
ethnomethodology
Definition
a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy
Term
folkways
Definition
the general standard of behavior adhered to by a group
Term
frames
Definition
specific schemes of interpretation that allows people to perceive identify and label events within their lives that can become the basis for collective action
Term
global culture
Definition
the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world
Term
language
Definition
a set of symbols and rules that when put together in a meaningful way provides a complex communication system
Term
law
Definition
the written set of guidelines that defines what is right and what is wrong in society
Term
mass media
Definition
channels of communication that are available to very wide segments of the population
Term
mores
Definition
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
Term
popular culture
Definition
the beliefs practices and objects that are part of everyday traditions
Term
reflection hypothesis
Definition
the idea that the mass media reflect the values of the general population
Term
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
Definition
theory that language determines other aspects of culture since language provides the categories through which social reality is defined and perceived
Term
social capital
Definition
see cultural capital
Term
social sanctions
Definition
mechanisms of social control that enforce norms
Term
subculture
Definition
the culture of groups whose values and norms of behavior are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture
Term
symbols
Definition
hings or behavior to which people give meaning
Term
values
Definition
the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
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