CATS and equal amounts of violence between males and females.

Does not describe well the context of relationship violence. (midterm)

Sex

Age

Race

The American South was home to descendants of Scottish and Irish sheepherders who brought their cultural methods of defending honor and respect with violence along with them.

This tradition, combined with little in the line of governmental authority to enforce formal social control results in higher crime rates in the South. (midterm)

• Bonds to Society
• Hirschi
• All people are born evil 
• Reasons why people aren't criminal:

1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief

1. Priority 
2. Intensity
3. Duration
4. Frequency

1. Denial of responsibility
2. Denial of injury
3. Denial of the victim
4. Condemning the condemners
5. Appeal to higher loyalties

1. The person has learned an excess of weighted definitions favorable to crime
2. Person has learned the skills and techniques 
3. The objective opportunity to commit a crime is present

1. Crime cannot be explained by general needs
2. Excess of definitions --> behavior
3. Like all other learning
4. Learned
5. Techniques and motives
6. Vary according to the 4 modalities 
7. Interpersonally
8. Personal groups 
9. Definitions (pro or anti crime)

Code of the Streets (Anderson)

Origins: 

• Industrial revolution followed by deindustrialization and disadvantaged left in the dust
• No job -> no $ -> illegitimacy -> single parent homes -> no respect
• Respect becomes derived by unconventional means (i.e. stealing, assault, street credability)

Occurs when society is segmented into groups due to increasing diversity. These groups have different ideas about what kinds of behavior are appropriate (rare in small societies, common in large ones).

Normative conflict leads to group or society rates of  crime.

Joint behavior among two or more interdependent individuals.

Requires:

1. Consensus over an objective
2. consensus over the means by which the objective will be achieved

• Frame a grievance as calling for a collective response 
• Effectiveness of frames: "Us" versus "them" 
• Defines meanings and provides understandings of issues
• Defines a situation as calling for action

Social disorder is disrupted in three ways:

1. Sudden depression
2. Sudden prosperity
3. Rapid technological change

• Regular folks need wages to buy things 
• Capitalists only make money through profit, the complement of wages
• They fight against each other to secure as much wages/profits as they can

• Conflict theorists reject:
• the notion of consensus
• the notion that laws are for the common good; instead, they are for the good of the powerful groups that encourage their creation

Routine Activity Theory (RAT)

1. Rhythm
2. Tempo
3. Timing

RAT says crime occurs when three things come together in time and space:

1. A motivated offender
2. A suitable target (value, visibility, acess and inertia)
3. Lack of capable guardianship

Psychopathic personalities lack an unusual degree of internalized inhibitions on crime. Persons possessed by some obsessive interest - for example, pyromania - attach an inordinately high value to the rewards of certain crimes.

Tries to build a general theory of crime, based on strain.

1. Failure to achieve valued goals 
2. Removal, or the threat of removal of positive stimuli
3. Exposure to noxious (harmful) stimuli

Social reactions affect what crime and criminals are, and what it means to define them the way we do.

Consequences of labeling:

1. Expansion of crime
2. Creation of subcultures
3. Create secondary crimes

Ethnography

Archival

Survey

Experiment

T.O.N.I.C

Casuse and Accounts

Time order - direction of influence

Non spuriousness

Interviening variables

Correlation 

Disadvantaged neighborhood + victim experience = increased fear.

Fear increases with greater television watching, but only in high-crime neighborhoods. 

Person

Criminal Acts 

Social Psychology

Group or organization

Group Rates

Collective behavior or organizational

Society

National rates

Political economy

Temporal unit

Time series 

Historical or life course

Ideal Characteristics of Criminal Law

P.U.P.S.

Politicality

Uniformity

Penal sanction

Specificity

Conformist (+/+)

Ritualist (+/-)

Innovative (-/-)

Retreatist (-/-)

Rebel (outlier) 

Contridictions

Chambliss

Different origins of law

Rehab;

Every member of society is important

Crime is constructed by societies.

Moral panics help construct laws.

Focus on counts

Statistical analyses

Demonstrate prevalence

Explain how and why 

Measured by quality instead of quantitiy

Religion

Region (south has highest rates)

Density

• Agnew's version is conceptualized a the social-psychological level
• Merton's was group-level
• Agnew's focuses on negative relationships and the following three sources:

1. Failure to achieve valued goals
2. Removal, or the threat of removal of positive stimuli
3. Exposure to noxious stimuli

1. Expansion of crime
2. Creation of subcultures
3. Create secondary crimes

Primary sectory (CEO, engineer) v. Secondary sector (McDonalds)

Secondary sector jobs don't have high stakes and are usually available to felons

• Increases inequality
• Negative affects on families
• Exposes those incarcerated to an aggressive environment, which could be enhanced by the aggression gene

Arguments/counter-arguments for

Capital Punishment

1. Deterrence - cant deter those who are already on death row
2. Incapacitation - recidivism rate for murder is only 1%
3. Cost - actually more expensive for CP
4. Retribution

a convicted criminal who reoffends, esp. repeatedly.

According to Sutherland’s differential association theory, the necessary and sufficient conditions for a crime to occur are...

• attempt to explain genocide using differential social organization, collective action, and social efficacy. 
• attempt to show that the number of atrocities in Darfur is greater than estimated by public health officials. 
• attempt to show that the atrocities in Darfur add up to genocide. 

1. Obligations, expectations, trust 
2. Information 
3. Norms and sanctions

1. Techniques and skills 
2. Definitions favorable and unfavorable to crime 
3. Necessary and sufficient conditions