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| Drawing a number of individual cases from a larger population |
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| Done every 10 years sampling every ys household |
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| When studying every member of a population is feasible |
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Faults:
Long process to cut out, fill out, stamp, and mail survey
Only targetted those who were readers, had car registration, and phones
Skewed results targeting the wealthy |
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| Faults: Used 1940 Census which was really data collected in 1930's when WW2 was going on |
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Targets anyone with a phone
Leaves out those without landlines |
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| The population you are interested in sampling |
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| The group of elements from which samples are actually used |
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| Not every member of the population has a known chance of being selected |
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| Describe target population in terms of criteria and then select elements thought to meet this criteria |
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| Every member of the population has a known chance of being selected |
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| A sample which is unrepresentative of the population |
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Predictions - Parameters - Population
Actual - Statistics - Sample |
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| Every Kth sample is selected after the first sample is selected |
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| divide a sample into stratum and take a random sample from each stratum |
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| Randomly select clusters of elements from a population and select every element in the cluster |
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| Selecting elements based on whether or not the researchers thinks it will facilitate an investigation |
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| Use members of a group of interest to identify other potential elements |
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| Group of elements that are readily accessible to the researcher |
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| A specific way of separating units into categories |
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| Research focused on variables |
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| reasearch focused on the interpretation of the action of individual cases |
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Definition
| How are you going to measure? |
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| Aspects or parts of a larger concept |
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| A concept has more than one discernible aspect |
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| observations we think reflect the presence or absence of phenomena to which a concept refers |
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| designed to solve ambiguity on a single indicator by using other indicators |
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| A composite measure that is constructed by adding scores from indicators |
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| an index where some indicators are given more weight than others |
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590 ads containing images of African Americans from 1936 to 2000, researchers observed the coding of ads and assigned images to categories
They found an increasing white commitment to racial intergration |
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| every element can be classified |
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| every element can be classified into one and only one category |
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| The degree to which a measure yields consistent results |
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| The degree to which a measure taps what we think it is measuring |
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| compare results at one time with results at another time (beginning and end) |
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| Internal Consistency Method |
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| make more than one measurement with the same sample at the same time |
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| Interobserver Reliability |
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| Compare results of one obersver with results of another observer |
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| a test of validity that involves the judgement of every day people |
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| a test of validity that involved the judgement of experts in a field |
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| Establish how well the measure predicts future behaviors you expect it to be associated with |
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| How well a measure is associated with behaviors it should be associated with at the current time |
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| variables whose categories have names |
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| variables whose categories have names and can be put in order in some way |
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| variables whose categories have names and can be put in order in some way and whose adjacent categories are a standarad distance from one another |
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| variables whose categories have names and can be put in order in some way and whose adjacent categories are a standarad distance from one another and one of whose categories is an absolute zero point (control) |
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# of cases
# of times data will be collected
# of samples used
will the researcher control the ind. variable? |
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| Data colleccted for all variables using one sample at a time |
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| non-spurious relationship between an indepent and dependent variable |
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Term
Causality:
1. empirical association
2. temporal precedence
3. spurious relationship |
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Definition
1. empirical association between I and D variable
2. I variable preceded the D variable
3. No third variable involved |
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| data is collected at least two times |
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| Aggreement between a study's conlcusions about causal connections and what is actually true |
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| data are collected about one sample at least two times where ind. variable is NOT controlled |
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| loss of subjects from a study due to illness, death, inability to continue |
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| effect of repeatedly measuring variables on a member of panel |
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| data are collected at least two times with a new sample selected each time |
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| General social survey - probability samples of US adults are interviewed |
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| Follow a cohort over time |
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| focuses on one case within its social context at one point in time |
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| done solely b/c it is a case of interest |
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| provides insight into an issue |
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| uses several cases to provide insight into a larger collection of cases |
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| Research done to explain why subjects vary in one way or another |
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| The ind. variable is controlled/manipulated/introduced in some way by the researcher |
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| the experimental condition of the ind. variable |
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| Pretest-Posttest Control Group Experiment |
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| uses two or more randomly selected groups measuring the dependent variable at least twice |
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| assign members to an experimental or control group randomly |
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| Assign sample members to groups by matching commonalities and then separate pairs into experimental and control groups |
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Studied effects of exposure to ideal masculine images on men's views of themselves
did a pretest-posttest control group experiment |
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| the biological and psychological processes that cause people to change over time |
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| sensitizing effect on subjects of the pretest |
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| Solomon 4-Group design (divett) |
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| a controlled experiment with an additional experimental caontrol group with each receiving a posttest only |
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| Quasi-experimental design |
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| missing one or more aspects of a true design |
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| research done in settings allowing researchers to control the environment |
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| no one in contact with the elements has knowledge of who is in the control or experimental group |
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| used data from armed services to study the effects of deployment on marriages and families |
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Studied correlation between environmental world views and attitudes and behaviors
found women, democrats, and liberals had a higher NEP Score |
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| Questions and answers designed to solicit info from respondents |
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| standardized list of questions which is the same for every respondent |
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| A study in which the same date are collected from more than one person |
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| respondents answer questions regarding themselves |
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| Bureau of Judicial Statistics - Not valid date because of political issues (ex. city safety statistics) |
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| Percentage of population contacted who actually respond |
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| list of questions and answer categories to read to respondent |
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| a change in a respondents behavior because of the interviewer being present |
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| an interview done face to face |
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| a sense of interpersonal harmony/connection |
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Advantages: cheaper, random digit dialing, anonymity
Disadvantages: lower response rate, eliminates people without phones |
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| assigning abservations to categories |
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| Question asked before the question of interest |
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| a question which depends on the answer to the previous questions |
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| scenarios about people/ situations designed to invoke discussion |
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open-ended
avoid double negatives, loaded words, ambiguous words |
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| modify questions based on interviewee |
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| Structured questions, weighted, closed ended questions, little variation in delivery, can be done anonymously |
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| Managing Motherhood Study |
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Definition
Studied motherhood stereotypes, do mothering, differences with gender issues for incarcerated women
25 qualitative interviews which focused on sentencing, child welfare involvement, recidives vs. 1st time offenders, race differeces, placement of children |
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| use photos to elicit infor and encourage discussion |
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| participants converse with each other |
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