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| Micro-sociological level of analysis |
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Definition
| concerned with the study of everyday behavior In sutations of face-to-face interaction; i.e. How people act |
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| Macro-sociological level of analysis |
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Definition
| concerned with the analysis of large-scale social systems, like the political system or the economic order; i. e. How did the social system come to be this way? |
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| Sociologists line of questions |
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Definition
| 1. Factual, 2. Comparitive 3. Developmental; 4. Theoretical |
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Definition
| use of systematic methods of empirical investigation, the anlysis of data, theoretical thinking, and the logical assessment of arguments to develop a body of knowledge about a particular subject matter |
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| Humans are inherently _________-seeking animals |
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| Specific questions we ask mentally about relationships among concepts- how have they changed over time? |
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| Specified testable expectation about empirical reality that follows from a more general proposition or research question |
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| All research is an ongoing _____________. |
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Definition
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| Steps in research process |
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Definition
1. Select a topic
2. Conduct a :literature review”
3. Narrow the topic into specific research questions
4. Develop a detaled plan of how to carry out the study
5. Gather the data
6.Analyze the data
7. Interpret the data
8. Report on the process and findings |
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Definition
Useful in getting information from a large population
flexible, shallow, good Reliability- can compare results, standardized- everyone gets same questions, quicker to get results |
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| A setting for purposeful interaction in which the interviewer has a general plan of inquiry and intends to discuss topics in depth with the interviewee; more specific; can ask follow up questions |
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| A study that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation- gives social context |
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| A group of subjects interviewed together, prompting a discussion, get info from multiple people quickly, downside- one person could dominate tho group |
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| The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next; |
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| Principles or ideals concerning what is intrinsically desirable |
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| Reactions to adhering to or breaking norms |
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| Culture is _________,the past which survives into the present |
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Definition
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| Culture is manufactured not by individuals but by ___________ and the elites who lead them |
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| What do people DO/SAY to act out the narrative; help shape our actions as well as our words |
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| Occur when a group’s values and norms place it at distinct odds with the dominant culture |
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| Enduring patterns of norms, cognitive frameworks, behaviors, and relationships within social systems such that these constrain the behavior of actors within those social systems |
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Definition
| The process of learning norms, values and behavior patterns transmitted by social groups |
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Definition
| The prospect that a party insulated from risk may behave differently from the way it would behave if it were fully exposed to the risk. |
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Term
| A key motivator of human action is to __________________________, which helps make life significant |
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Definition
| act and sustain moral order |
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Term
| What makes something “social structural”? |
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Definition
| Involves human social relationships, patterned systems, temporal durability |
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Definition
| conceptual dimensions on which we scale our experience; they allow us to compare one experience with another. |
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| that science which aims at the interpretative understanding of social behavior in order to gain an explanation of its causes, course, and its effects. Uniquely stresses social context |
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Definition
| The process by which an act, process, or ideology becomes legitimate (authorized) by its attachment to norms and values shared by a given social group. |
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| We aren't naturally people; we become people through________. |
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Definition
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| Many sociologists look at the world through___________- meaningful attributes or characteristics that vary from person to person |
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| Human capacities that set us apart |
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Definition
| Mental representation, Practical consciousness, Self-reflexivity, self-consciousness |
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Definition
| ability to function without thinking about it |
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Definition
| forming cognitive depictions of reality |
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Definition
| the ability to reflect upon and evaluate our own evaluations. |
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| Society lacks ___________ foundations; in many ways our collective life doesn't make _____________ sense. |
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| specifying how one intends to carry out research |
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Definition
| Generalize about social patterns that operate in aggregates and are empirically observable. |
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| Problems with research questions |
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Definition
Not empirically testable, nonscientific
General topics, not research questions
Too vague or too ambitious |
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| Researcher biases harm the collective process of generating and testing knowledge. |
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| sets of logically connected statements that start simple and end with a clear conclusion. |
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| advances fundamental knowledge |
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| addresses specific concerns or offers solutions to particular problems |
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| The degree to which a belief (or disbelief) seems convincing is directly related to its “plausibility structure”- that is, the group or community which provides the social and psychological support for the belief. |
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| Breaking the rules” rapidly reveals social structure. |
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| Pattern of relations between the most basic elements of social life (such as human interaction). |
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| Without___________ we wouldn't have language, or be human at all. |
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Definition
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| Culture is more ideas than infrastructure. |
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Definition
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| the process by which societies have continuity |
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Definition
involves change in how a person knows, thinks, and believes.
4 stages:
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage |
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Definition
| fitting new experiences into existing cognitive structures. |
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Definition
| changing existing cognitive structures to fit new experiences. |
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| Sex is not a learned behavior |
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Definition
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Definition
| The prospect that a party insulated from risk may behave differently from the way it would behave if it were fully exposed to the risk. |
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Definition
| process by which people's beliefs or behaviors are influenced by others within a group. |
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Term
| Example of competing moral order |
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Definition
| Doing whats right vs following orders |
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Term
| All humans are thus, at bottom, really quite similar…where they differ tremendously is in the particular cultural moral orders to which they commit their lives, either actively or passively. |
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| organizations come to be dominated by a self-perpetuating elite; Membership is passive (Time Bind) , Power circulates among a few, Evolution from original purpose to survival |
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Term
| bureaucracy characterized by |
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Definition
| Clear levels of authority, Divisions of labor, Written rules, Written communication and records, Impersonality: the position is what matters |
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Term
| 3 good things about bureaucracy |
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Definition
| brings efficiency, brings standardization, foster alienation from our product |
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| 3 bad things about bureaucracy |
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Definition
| Heightens rule dependency, diminishes interest in unique experience, contributes to resistance by formation of primary groups |
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Definition
| ____________ is a byproduct of bureacracy. |
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Definition
| Suggests the attributes of individuals are less important than their relationships and ties with other actors within the network |
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Definition
| smallest, most unstable possible group; has two network nodes, but only one tie, |
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Definition
| As small groups become larger, they tend to become more stable, but _____________ and__________ decline. |
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Definition
| In a _________, interaction between nodes decreases, but strength and stability increases. |
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Definition
| To divide the world into _________ and ___________ is a natural part of social life |
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Term
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Definition
| the groups we use as standards by which to evaluate ourselves |
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Definition
| the tendency of indiviuduals to associate and bond with similar others |
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| Characteristics of traditional religious forms |
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Definition
| Group phenomenon, Concerned with the sacred, Body of beliefs, Set of practices, Moral prescriptions |
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Definition
| The process of making something become embedded within a social system as an established custom or norm within that system |
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Term
| primary socializing institutions |
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Definition
| Family, Neighborhood/Community, Religion, School and Peer Groups, Child Care, Workplace, Military, Mass Media |
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Term
| Institutions are identified with a______ and __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Moralistic Therapeutic deism |
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Definition
| God exists, he created the world, he wants people to be good nice and fair to each other; the goal of life is to be happy and feel good about yourself, and God doesn't need ot be actice in peoples' live unless they need to resolve a problem, and good people go to heaven when they die |
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Definition
| Moral orders rooted in beliefs about super-empirical realities |
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Definition
| Experienced by more than empirical means (more than only the 5 senses) |
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Definition
| Emotion, Long-term memory, meanings, symbolization, narratives, valuation, self-reflexivity, truth seeking, forming virtues, language use |
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| Four ways religion functions |
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Definition
| Action orientations, System of discourse, meaning and significance |
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Definition
| ways people think they ought to act; ritual systems (prayer, pilgrimage) and moral systems (good and ethical behavior) |
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Definition
| structures ways of talking about and describing the world, which becomes part of the experience of adherents. example : "worldly" "Keept Sabbath" |
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Definition
| Help people find themselves in time and place |
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Definition
Objective (diminishes in college)behavioral: participation or practice
Subjective: Belief in explanations offered by religion |
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Definition
| Individual, cultural, societal |
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Term
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Definition
| We are all part of humanity |
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| Characteristics of Spirituality |
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Definition
| Transcendence, Altruism, Meaning, Sacredness of life, material values, mstery of creation, idealism |
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| Reasons for religious persistance |
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Definition
| Need for meaning-making, Religions strategically alter their collective identity, Modern religious people might having stronger faith because they got in by choice rather than by force |
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Term
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Definition
| secularization will occur where people feel that their survival is secure. |
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| Norris and Ingelhart's Secularization theory |
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Definition
It’s about rising existential security.
Variations among the wealthy and poor within societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| he self-knowledge a person is able to give words to. |
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Term
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Definition
| “tacit stocks of knowledge” a person draws upon when acting |
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Term
| Male and Female Sexual differences |
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Definition
| Women tend to emphasize committed relationships as context for sex, women are more likely to romanticize the experience of desire, and women’s sexual beliefs and behaviors tend to be more plastic than men’s. |
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Term
| economic and social system |
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Definition
| Sex is not just private matter between two consenting adults, its also a _________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or false: The more reproductively sophisticated the animal, the greater is the cost of mating for the female. |
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| Reasons sex is more costly for women |
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Definition
| Pregnancy, certain STD's only they can get, and emotional difficultly |
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Term
| Women are the ____________ of sex, whereas men constitue the _____________ for it and play role of consumers. |
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Definition
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| Effects of Higher Percentage of women |
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Definition
| Less men seeking comitted relationships, women expect less from men |
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Term
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Definition
Economic production
Socialization of children
Care of the sick and aged
Recreation
Sexual control
Reproduction |
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Term
| stages of first demographic change |
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Definition
1. High birth and death rates
2. High birth, declining death rate
3. Low birth and Death ratres
4. Low death rate but fluctuating birth rate |
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Term
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Definition
| When people that are insulated from risk may behave differently than if they were entirely at risk |
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