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| two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging or "we-ness" |
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| a relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period of time |
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| general traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case |
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| people who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders |
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| people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in-group |
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| a collection of people who shape out behavior, values, and attitudes |
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| a tendency of in-group members to conform without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas, that results in a narrow view of an issue |
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| a formal organization created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for their participation |
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| a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks through the efforts of a large number of people in the most efficient and rational way possible |
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| a feeling of isolation, meaninglessness, and powerlessness that may affect workers in a bureaucracy |
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| the tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people |
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| a collection of attitudinal or organizational biases in the workplace that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions |
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| an organized and established social system that meets one or more of a society's basic needs |
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| behavior that violates expected rules or norms |
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| a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity |
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| a violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by public law |
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| researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior |
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| a method of gathering data that involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims |
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| acts that violate laws but involve individuals who don't consider themselves victims |
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| the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society |
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| punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm |
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| the condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms |
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| the idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals |
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| illegal activities committed by high-status individuals in the course of their occupation |
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| crimes committed in the workplace by individuals acting solely in their own personal interest |
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| white-collar crimes committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies (also known as organizational crimes) |
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| white-collar crimes that are conducted online |
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| activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit |
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| people learn deviance through interaction, especially with significant others |
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| a perspective that holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant |
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| the initial violation of a norm or law |
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| rule-breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reactions of others |
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| the government agencies - including the police, courts, and prisons - that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgment on offenders, and changing criminal behavior |
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| an approach that holds that crimes rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment |
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| the hierarchical ranking of people in society who have different access to valued resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status |
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| open stratification system |
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| a system that is based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down |
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| closed stratification system |
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| a system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as gender, skin color, and family backgroun |
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| a category of people who have a similar standing or rank in society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources |
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| the money and other economic assets that a person or family owns including property and income |
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| respect, recognization, or regard attached to social positions |
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| the ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition |
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| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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| an overall ranking of a person's position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation |
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| lavish spending on goods and services to display one's social status and to enhance one's prestige |
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| people who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty |
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| people who are persistently poor and seldom employed, segregated residentially, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population |
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| the extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources |
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| not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life |
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| no having enough money to maintain an average standard of living |
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| the minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence |
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| the higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor |
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| a person's ability to move up or down the class hierarchy |
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| moving from one position to another at the same class level |
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Definition
| moving up or down the class hierarchy |
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| intragenerational mobility |
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Definition
| moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime |
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| intergenerational mobility |
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Definition
| moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents |
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| the functionalist view that social stratification has beneficial consequences for a society's operation |
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| a belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well rather than on the basis of their ascribed status |
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| those who own the means of production and can amass wealth and power |
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| workers who sell their labor for wages |
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| an array of direct subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses |
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| the biological characteristics with which we are born |
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| learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other |
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| a perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine |
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| the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males |
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| expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex |
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| an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex |
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Definition
| people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources as a result of their sex |
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Definition
| the overall income difference between women and men in the workplace (also called the wage gap) |
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| any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work |
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Definition
| a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of hte opposite sex, or of both sexes |
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| those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex |
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| those who are sexually attracted to people of hte opposite sex |
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| those who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes |
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| those who lack any interest in or desire for sex |
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| those who are transsexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites |
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| the belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality |
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| the fear and hatred of homosexuality |
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| the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus |
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| the graphic depiction of images that cause sexual arousal |
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