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SOC 100 Final - Education, Religion, & Medicine
Spring '15 SOC 100 Final Exam using Henslin's 12th ed. (Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach). Exam covers Chapters 17-19: Education, Religion, and Medicine. Professor Dr. Brian Smith @ Central Mich.
65
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2015

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Term
Acculturation
Definition
Learning a culture
Term
Education in Earlier Societies
Definition
Education was not a separate social institution. Instead, children learned how to cook or hunt as these were the essential skills of society. These skills were taught by parents or other relatives.
Term
Mandatory Education Laws
Definition
Laws that require all children to attend school until a specified ages or until they complete a minimum grade in school.
Term
True or False: 1:8 Americans has not made it through high school.
Definition
True
Term

Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt

Poor v. Wealthy

Definition

The government guarantees six years of free education for all. Still, many poor children do not receive any education because they do not have the time or means to travel to receive the formal education. After the six years of grade school, students are tracked based on their subject interest and are done with school by 14. College education is free.

 

Term
Functionalist Perspective on Education
Definition

A 'formal' system of universal education was needed in order to teach knowledge, values, and skills for an industrial/post-industrial society.

i.e. the three Rs: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic

Term
Credential Societies
Definition
The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work.
Term
Cultural Transmission of Values
Definition
The process of transmitting values from one group to another; often refers to how cultural traits are transmitted across generations; in education, the ways in which schools transmit a society's culture, especially in its core values.
Term
Gatekeeping (Social Placement)
Definition
The idea that schools open the doors of opportunity for some and close them for others.
Term
Tracking
Definition
The sorting of students into different programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities.
Term
Conflict Perspective on Education
Definition
The education system exists to reproduce social class structure and holds the inequalities spread accross generations in tact. The educational system only benefits people at the top of the social class ladder.
Term
Hidden Cirriculum
Definition
The unwritten goals of schools such as treaching the rules of behavior and attitude (obedience to authority; conformity to cultural norms), stresses the importance of becoming a good worker, and supports the status quo by keeping people in their respectiver social classes.
Term
IQ Tests (Intelligence Quotient)
Definition
Measure intelligence and acquired knowledge
Term
Cultural Biases with IQ Tests
Definition
Words and concepts used in IQ tests help to keep the social class system in tact. Not all intelligent people may be able to answer questions with a cultural bias, and those that do have the test tilted in their favor.
Term
Unequal Funding
Definition
The states that spend more on education have higher quality schools, mainly because they attract higher quality teachers.
Term
Conflict Theorists on Unequal Funding
Definition
Because schools are supported largely by local property taxes, the richer communities have more to spend on their children's education.
Term
Correspondence Principle
Definition
the sociological principle that schools correspond to (or reflect) the social structure/characteristics of their society.
Term
Characteristics of Society & Characteristics of Schools
Definition

1. Capitalism -- Encourages competition

2. Social Inequality -- Unequal funding of schools

3. Social Class Bias -- Funnel children of the poor into job training programs that demand little thinking

4. Bureaucratic Structure of Corporations -- Provide a model of authority in the classroom

5. Need for submissive workers -- Make students submissive to teachers

6. Need for dependable workers -- Enforce punctuality in attendance and homework

7. Need to maintain armed forces -- Promote patriotism

Term
Rist Research
Definition
A child's journey through shcool is determined by the 8th day of kindergarten, which affects the rest of their lives.
Term
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Definition
Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted.
Term
Grade Inflation
Definition
Higher grades given for the same work; general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning.
Term
Social Promotion
Definition
Passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials.
Term
Functional Illiteracy
Definition
High school graduateswho have never mastered things they should have learned in grade school; this includes difficulty with reading, writing, and math.
Term
True or False: Despite the school shootings that make for dramatic headlines, shooting deaths at schools are decreasing.
Definition
True
Term
Religion
Definition
Beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community.
Term
Practices
Definition
Rituals centering on the things considered sacred
Term
Sacred
Definition
Things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverance, or deep respect.
Term
A Moral Community
Definition
A Church, which results from a group's beliefs or practices.
Term
Church
Definition
Believers of a large, highly organized religious group that has formal, sedate worship services with little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conversion.
Term
Functionalist Perspective of Religion
Definition
Religion is universal because it meets universal human needs.
Term
The Functions of Religion
Definition

1. Questions about Ultimate Meaning/Purpose

2. Emotional Comfort

3. Social Solidarity

4. Guidelines for Everyday Life

5. Social Control

6. Adaptation

7. Support for the Government

8. Social Change

Term
Functional Equivalents of Religion
Definition

Any group that is not a religion and answers questions about ultimate meaning, provides emotional comfort, and guidelines for everyday life.

i.e. Alcoholics Anonymous, psychotherapy, humanism, transcendental meditation, and even political parties.

Term
Dysfunctions of Religion
Definition
How religion can bring harmful results, i.e. war, terrorism, and persecution.
Term
The Conflict Perspective on Religion
Definition
Religion supports the status quo and helps to maintain social inequalities.
Term
Legitimation of Social Inequalities
Definition
Religion teaches that the existing social arrangements represent what God desires.
Term
Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber)
Definition
Religion's focus on the afterlife is a source of profound social change.
Term
Protestant Ethic
Definition
The ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work.
Term
Ecclesia (state religions)
Definition
Government and religion work together to shape society; a religious group so intergrated into the dominant culture it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off.
Term
True or False: About 65% of Americans belong to a church, synagogue, or mosque.
Definition
True.
Term
Social Class and Religious Participation
Definition
Americans who change their social class also tend to change their religion. Religion and social class status changes are due to new views on the world, molding in new preferences in music, and styles of speech.
Term
Diversity of Groups in the U.S.
Definition

No religious group constitutes as one dominant religion in the United States.

77.8% of Adults are Christian

16.3% of Adults have no religion

Term
Secularization of Religion
Definition
Shifting the focus from spiritual matters to concerns about the affairs of this world.
Term
Secularization of Culture
Definition
the process by which a culture becomes less influenced by religion.
Term
Questions about Religion that Science cannot answer:
Definition

1. The existence of God.

2. The purpose of Life.

3. An Afterlife.

4. Morality.

Term
Functionalist Perspective on the Sick
Definition
If society is to function well, its people need to be healthy enough to perform their normal roles.
Term
The Sick Role
Definition

1. You are not held responsible for being sick.

2. You are exempt from normal responsibilities.

3. You don't like the role.

4. You will get competent help so you can return to your routines.

Term
Infant Mortality
Definition
the number of babies that die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births.
Term
Professionalization of Medicine
Definition
The development of medicine into a specialty that requires physicians to 1) obtain a rigorous education, 2) regulate themselves, 3) take authority over clients, 4) claim theoretical understanding of illness, and 5) present themselves as doing a service to society, rather than just following self-interest.
Term
Monopoly of Medicine
Definition
Medicine is the only legal monopoly in the U.S.
Term
Fee-for-Service
Definition
payment to a physician to diagnose and treat a patient's medical problems.
Term
"Having Babies is Men's Work"
Definition
Childbirth used to be women's work exclusively. Then physicians formed the AMA, which were made up of men because they were the only ones able to receive an education, and got states to pass laws which made it illegal for anyone other than a physician to deliver babies. Now delivering children is considered men's work. This tension between midwives and physicians continues today.
Term
Were Americans healthier in the past?
Definition
No. Contempory Americans live longer than their ancestors have in the past, therefore we can conclude that we are healthier.
Term
Is Medical Care a Right or a Commodity?
Definition

If medical care was a right all citizens would have access to similar medical care. If medical care is a commodity, it is something that can be bought - the best policy goes to the highest bidder.

In the U.S. medical care is a commodity.

Term
Figure 19.4: Costs of Medical Care
Definition
The cost of medical care has increased over time. The average American pays 37% out of pocket costs and the rest of the bills are covered by insurance.
Term
Figure 19.5: Income v. Days Sick in Bed
Definition
The lower a person's salary the more sick days they accrue.
Term
Two-tier system of Medical Care
Definition
A system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care.
Term
Medical Incompetence
Definition
If deaths from medical errors were an official classification, it would rank as the 6th leading cause of death in the U.S.
Term
Depersonalization
Definition

Dealing with people as though they were objects; in the case of medical care, as though the patients were merely cases and diseases, not people

i.e. Grey's Anatomy.

Term
Medical Cash Machines
Definition
Doctors viewing patients as ATMs instead of people with diseases, sometimes counting down the minutes until they can move on to the next patient to make more money.
Term
Medicalization of Society
Definition
The transformation of the human condition, something that was not previously considered an issue, into a medical matter to be treated by physicians.
Term
Should doctors be allowed to kill patients?
Definition
Some doctors take advantage of euthanasia being legal in their practicing location, killing the patient without their express consent. On the other hand, doctors will provide prescriptions for patients to take at their own will. 
Term
Dumping
Definition
When private hospitals discharge patients who can not pay their medical bills before they are well and "dump" them into the responsiblity of a public hospital or any other hospital.
Term
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Definition
The U.S. Public Health Service didn't tell 399 African American men in Mississippi that they had syphilis. Doctors continued to follow-up with the men once a year, recording their symtpoms, while not treating them and letting them die of the disease.
Term
The Guatemalan Experiment
Definition
In the 1940s, the U.S. Public Health Service purposefully infected prisoners, psychiatric patients, and sex workers with gonorrhoea and syphilis just to test out how well the drug penicillin was.
Term
The Cold War Experiments
Definition

1. Army soldiers were used as guinea pigs to test the affects radiation fallout would have on the human body.

2. Patients were unknowingly tricked into being injected with uranium to test how much it would take to damage the kidneys.

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