Term
George Herbert Mead
social self develops... |
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Definition
| Over the course of childhood. Infants learn that instead of "I" it's "me" and "others" (allows them to apply learned norms and behaviors to new and specific situations) |
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Term
| Mead stressed the importance of |
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Definition
| Imitation, play and games. Helps kids recognize one another and helps distinguish between self and others. |
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Term
Eric Erikson
Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
8 stages that span a person's lifetime
Get over a conflict in each stage and move on to the next one |
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Term
| Erikson's 8 Stages of Socialization |
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Definition
Infant (0-18 months)- Trust v. Mistrust
2-3 Years- Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
3-5 Years- Intuition v. Guilt
6-11 years- Industry v. Inferiority
12-18 years- Identity v. Role Confusion
19-40 years- Intimacy v. Isolation
40-65 years- Generativity v. Stagnation
65+- Ego integrity v. Despair |
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Term
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Definition
| Families, school, peers, the media and total institutions (an institution in which one is immersed and controls the basics of day-to-day life) |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in values, beliefs or norms through an intense social process |
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Term
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Definition
| Interested in how children learn, cognitive development |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Period |
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Definition
(birth-2 yrs old)
-Preoccupied with objects
-Child develops depth perception, object permanence and sense of time and causality |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Preoperational Period |
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Definition
(2-6 years old)
-Language and symbolic thought
-Animism
-Egocentrism
-Inability to solve "conservation" problems |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Concrete Operational Period |
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Definition
(7-11 yrs old)
-Chid can take the role of others
-Thinks logically
-Can understand humor
-Has trouble with abstract problems |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Formal Operations Period |
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Definition
(12+ yrs old)
-Fully function adult cognitive mind |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Moral Development
Moral Development Stage 1 |
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Definition
| Children < 5 years old- don't engage in sophisticated moral reasoning at all (too egocentric) |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Moral Development
Moral Realism |
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Definition
(~6 yrs old)
-Great respect for rules
-Punishment by immanent justice
-Behavior evaluated by outcomes rather than intentions |
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Term
Piaget's Stages of Moral Development
The Morality of Reciprocity |
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Definition
(~9 yrs old +)
-Rules can be changed if necessary
-Violations aren't always wrong and aren't always punished
-Motives are used to judge behavior |
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Term
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Definition
A position in society that comes with a set of expectations
Ascribes status- is one we are born with that is unlikely to change
Achieved status- one we have earned through individual effort or that is imposed by others
Master status- status that seems to override all others and affects all of statues that one possesses |
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Term
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Definition
| The behaviors expected from a certain status |
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Term
| Role Conflict v. Role Strain |
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Definition
Conflict- occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with roles associated with a different status
Strain- occurs when roles associated with a single status clash
MAY LEAD TO ROLE EXIT |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of behavioral norms associated with males or females in a given social group or system |
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Term
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Definition
| People giving meaning or value to ideas or objects through social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| micro-level theory based on the idea that people act in accordance with shared meanings, orientations and assumptions |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others and produce a mutually shared social order |
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Term
Breaching Experiments
Harold Garfinkel |
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Definition
| Involves collaborators exhibiting abnormal behaviors in social interactions in order to see how people would react |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of human society |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to connect one’s personal experiences to society at large and greater historical forces. |
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Term
| Functionalist v. Conflict v. Interactionist |
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Definition
Functionalist- institutions are understood by the functions they perform for society as a whole.
Conflict- Societies contain a wide diversity of values and beliefs; the things people want are scarce
Interactionist- Focus on everyday life rather than larger structures of society. |
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Term
| Microsociology v. Macrosociology |
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Definition
Micro- seeks to understand local interactional contexts
Macro- Macrosociology is generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| an emphasis on women’s experiences and a belief that sociology and society in general subordinate women |
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Term
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Definition
Historical Materialism
Marx was against communism and studied a lot about politics and economics, saw history repeating |
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Term
| Key Insights- Emile Durkheim |
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Definition
| Wished to understand how society holds together and how modern capitalism and industrialization change it |
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Term
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Definition
| Verstehen- Weber was suggesting that sociologists approach social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in it. In other words, to truly understand why people act the way they do, a sociologist must understand the meanings people attach to their actions. Weber’s emphasis on subjectivity is the foundation of interpretive sociology, the study of social meaning |
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Term
| 2 Major Types of Sociological Research Methods |
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Definition
Quantitative Methods- get info from social world that can be converted into numerical form
Qualitative- to get info from social world that can't be converted into numerical form |
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Term
| Independent v. Dependent variable |
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Definition
Dependent- ALWAYS have, the outcome you are trying to explain
Independent- which are the measured factors that you believe have a causal impact on the dependent variable |
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Term
| Criteria for Establishing Causality |
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Definition
1. Correlation- establishing association
2. Time
3. Order |
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Term
Sample v. Census
How are most samples selected in research? |
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Definition
Sample- subset of population you're researching
Census- entire population
Samples are randomized and have large (and diverse) population |
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Term
Dramaturgical Theory
"Face"? |
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Definition
| Interactions and Appearances are important to people and allow people to draw conclusions (like a play with scripts, costumes, props, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| our internalization of society's values, beliefs and norms- being the main one |
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