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Definition
| The scientific study of social behavior and human groups. Social relationships, institutions. How societies develop and change. |
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| An awareness of the relationship b/w an individual and the wider society; today and in the past |
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| Coined the phrase sociological imagination. |
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| Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry are all examples of a ...? |
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| History, anthropology, and economics are all examples of ...? |
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Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist
(PRACTICE OF SOC) |
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Definition
| The three most widely used perspectives in Sociology |
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| Stated functions of a body (true intention) |
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| Unintended result of an institution |
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| An event threatening the balance in society. |
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| Society is best explained through the tension between groups of power (w/ influences) |
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| Marx was what kind of perspective? |
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| interactionist perspective |
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Definition
| microsociology using symbols |
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| symbolic interaction lead to interaction on the small scale |
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| Dramaturgical approach, part of interactionist perspective |
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| Like actors we show qualities while suppress unwanted qualities |
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Coined the term "Sociology"
Sociology - Queen
Sociologist - Scientist Priest |
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Translated Comtes Work
Study of disadvantaged people (conflict theorist)
First sociological book and through religious tolerance |
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Applied evolution to human behavior (poverty)
(Functionalist) |
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Coined anomie
understand humans on broad context
advocates social control |
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Verstehen
(conflict theorist)
Study work, organizations, and bureaucracy
Ideal type |
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Definition
Wrote communist manifesto
Ones with resources run society |
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Liked to look at small groups
Looking glass self |
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Founder of social work (Hull House)
Juvenile court system
Women trade Union
Prevent segregation |
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| what is unique about DuBois' education? |
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Definition
| Du Bois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. |
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| How did DuBois influence one of the first civil rights movements? |
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Definition
| Organized a group of men; met at Niagara Falls to protest, known as the Niagara Movement. |
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| What was the Crisis? Who Wrote it and why was it important? |
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Definition
| Monthly magazine by DuBois to guidge the Civil Rights Agenda. Helped keep the Aftrican-American community on the same page. |
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Term
What is the scientific method?
(SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH) |
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Definition
A reliable way to study Social phenomena; specific set of steps.
1.) Define Prob
2.) Review Lit
3.) Form Hypo.
4.) Research Design
5.) Develop Conclusion |
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| Why is it important to define the problem? |
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Definition
| Clearly need to understand problem so you know how to address it. |
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| What is the significance of reviewing the literature in the scientific method? |
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| How other sociologists approached the issue; look at flaws. |
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| Speculative statement that posits a relationship between two or more variables. |
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| Measurable trait/characteristic |
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| A variable that influences another variable |
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| A variable that is being influenced. |
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| Used to evaluate a correlation. A cause and effect relationship. |
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| Cause and effect relationship |
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| Selection from a larger population; chosen at random. |
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| What are the problems of a non-scientific poll? |
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Definition
-Not chosen at random
-Vote multiple times
-Bias
-Motivation |
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| The extent that a measure accurately reflects a phenomena. |
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| the consistency of validity. |
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| What does it mean to support the hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Show your research reflects your hypothesis. Also to ask why it went wrong. |
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| What is a control variable? |
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Definition
| A factor held constant to test the impact of an independent variable. |
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| What are the major research designs? |
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Definition
| Way in which you cary out your research (surveys), observations, experiments. |
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| What are the two main forms of the survey? |
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Definition
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Definition
Numbers used to describe social phenomena.
Easier to carry out yet less accurate. |
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Definition
Naturalistic methods to address a social phenomena
Not wide array of people yet more in depth |
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Definition
| A form of observation relies upon systematic observation. Study of people and culture |
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| What are some of the challenges encountered with the use of observation? |
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Definition
-Issues with acceptance
-Maintain a level of detachment
-Researcher needs to understand viewpoint of the group that is studied. |
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Definition
| Artificial environment. Testing hypothesis. |
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| What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group? |
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Definition
Experimental group receives the independent variable
Control group DOES NOT receive the independent variable |
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| What is the Hawthorne effect? |
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Definition
| Hawthorne effect- Unintended influence that observers can have on their subjects |
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| Research carried out that relies on previously collected data. |
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| What is content analysis? |
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Definition
| Use of social documents to analyze social interaction. |
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| What are some of the reasons why a code of ethics is necessary? |
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Definition
-Must remain objectivity (no bias)
-Need to protect privacy and dignity
-Protect subjects from physical harm physical/mental
-Preserve confidentiality (no reporting to police)
-Must have informed consent
-Must acknowledge collaboration (with colleagues) |
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| Why is confidentiality important in social research |
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Definition
Disclose all sources of financial support
Insures participants right to privacy. |
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| What is sometimes problematic about research funding? |
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Definition
| Bias; conflict of interest |
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| Why is value neutrality important in social research? |
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Definition
| Using the scientific method yet do not describe your position (Max Weber) |
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| What are some of the issues involved with the use of technology in social research? |
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Definition
ADVANTAGES
-computers make process faster
-Sometimes make cheaper
-No traveling
DISADVANTAGES
-Privacy concerns
-May not be able to control the participant pool. |
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Term
What is the impact of isolation on human development?
(SOCIALIZATION) |
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Definition
Don't learn:
language
human relationships
institutions |
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Term
| What did the Harlow studies find about socialization |
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Definition
Worked w/ monkeys. Baby monkeys needed more comfort than nourishment.
Isolation leads to being anti-social and abusive as parents. |
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Term
| What do twin studies reveal about the influence of herdity? |
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Definition
You are what you make yourself.
Although genetic similarities/social differences. |
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| How do sociologists understand the self? |
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Definition
| Self develops through interaction with other people when reinforced. |
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Term
| Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self? |
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Definition
How we perceive ourselves is how we see others perceiving us.
-Imagine how we present ourselves to others
-Imagine how others evaluate us. |
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Term
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Definition
3
-Preparatory Stage-Children imitate others around them
-Play-Children become aware of social relationships (role-play) "Me Stage"
-Games-Generalized other |
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Definition
| particular meanings used for human communication such as language, alphabet, nonverbal communication, objects meanings shared with others. |
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Definition
| mentally assume perspective of another act according to how they think the person will respond. |
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Definition
| Acting courteous to other because of value. (Such as a kid asking their parent for candy) |
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| What is Mead's theory of the self? |
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Definition
| As children grow older they are more conscientious of others |
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| What are significant others? |
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Definition
| Anyone who has had a significant impact on your life. |
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| What is Goffman's presentation of the self? |
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Definition
| everyday we present each other a certain way. Aware of others viewing us. |
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| What is impression management? |
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Definition
| We present ourselves in order to influence others impression of ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| we are all actors on stage of life. |
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Definition
| Behavior that demonstrates and preserves our sense of self. (Goffman presentation of self?) |
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| What are some of the psychological approaches to the self? |
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Definition
Freudian-Individual has natural drive (society dictates natural drive)
Piaget-Cognitive self centered view on civilization. |
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Term
| What is Piaget's cognitive theory of development? |
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Definition
4 STAGES
1.) Sensory motor-children use senses
2.)pre-operational-children use words and learn
about symbols
3.) Concrete operational stage-Children engage in logical thinking.
4.) Formal operational stage-at adolescence they understand a concept of the abstract. |
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| what are rites of passage? |
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Definition
| important event in life leading to a new stage such as marriage and birth |
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Definition
| Continuously socialized throughout life through institutions. |
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Term
| anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
socialized ahead of time
socialization you encounter b/c you learn behavior based upon (tour of U of I) |
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| What is re-socialization? |
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Definition
| The process of discarding previous behaviors and accepting new ones. Very stressful! (as in army) |
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Definition
An individuals life is dictated/regulated by single authority
1.) Everything that happens are controlled within single space by specific authority
2.) Activities are conducted together.
3.)Authorities advise rules by themselves
4.) All aspects of life inside support the goal of the institution. |
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Definition
| encouraged to leave pervious id to adapt institution of values. |
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| Teach about specific aspects of society (behavior) |
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Definition
| Been socialized into gender through toys |
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Definition
teaches proper/improper behavior
important to citizenship |
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| Peer groups socialize children by? |
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Definition
| teaching them norms and to get along |
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| What is the role of media and technology in socialization? |
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Definition
Television is negative
Yet pro is better at multi-tasking |
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| The role of the work place in socialization |
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Definition
| People become integrated by money but ambitious |
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| Religion and the state in socialization |
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Definition
| Both mark important changes in your life with ceremonies and events. |
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| Agent of socialization present in super nany |
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Definition
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Term
How do schools transmit culture?
(EDUCATION) |
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Definition
-education (manifest)
-teach culture (latent)
-social integration
-agent of social change |
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| How do schools promote integration? |
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Definition
| by taking people form diverse backgrounds to socializing with common identities. |
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| Schools exercise social control by rules and regulations |
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Definition
| learn how you are controlled (latent functions) |
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| How can education work for social change? |
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Definition
| Schools encourage critical and free thinking, it may support social change. |
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| keeps the powerful in power and not powerful without power. (conflict theorist) |
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| Lowest degree necessary needed to achieve an occupational position. Supports wealthier members of society. |
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| Education bestows status by... |
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Definition
| sorting students out by social class background. |
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Definition
| idea that students are put onto a track such as high track and off track |
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| rich areas make rich students (conflict) |
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Definition
| Sororities were funded to aid women in college. |
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Term
| What is the teacher expectancy effect |
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Definition
| Students live up to expectations teachers set for them (interactionist) |
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| Stresses that teachers face |
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Definition
1.) teachers have higher standards
2.)low pay
3.)discipline action |
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Term
| 4 subcultures of college students |
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Definition
1.) Collegiate - really social, enough hw to get by.
2.) academic - enjoys school
3.) vocational - looks at college for means of future job. very balanced.
4.) Non-Conformist - hates college unsocial, individual, introvert do not like being here. |
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Term
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Definition
fear of violence
parents focus attn on child
children w/ special needs
typically from 2 parent households (middle class or higher) |
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Definition
| Some teachers just cater to the test. |
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Term
group
(ORGANIZATIONS AND WORK) |
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Definition
| number of ppl who share similar norms value behavior expectations interact on a reg basis |
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| group you interact with personally |
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| do not feel membership in |
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| A group that someone uses for comparison purposes. |
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Less than 5 ppl because dynamics change with more people.
diad
triad
George Simmel |
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| temporary or perm alliance geared toward common goal |
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Definition
pressured to conform
no critical thinking
-combated by 3rd person |
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Definition
| special group to max efficiency. |
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Definition
component of formal organization; dependent upon rules to enforce hierarchy (weber)
1.)divide labor
2.)authority
3.)rules
4.)impersonal
5.)merit based |
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Definition
| democracy to bureaucracy to retain power |
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| scientific management approach |
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Definition
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| human relationships approach |
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Definition
| motivated by helping ppl not $ |
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| organizational restructuring |
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| dissolve the hierarchy with collective decision making. |
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| does part or all work out of home office |
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Definition
faster, cheaper, democratic
-lacks verbal expression |
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| society relying on machines for goods and services. |
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| goal is to make money (industrial enterprise) |
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| resources within private hands |
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| "Hands Off" govt.. does not interfere with business |
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Definition
| resources owned collectively |
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everything collectively owned
no social distinctions |
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Definition
"Black Market"
outside of legal bonds |
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Definition
laborers do not see final product
-results in burn out |
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Definition
wages
friends in workplace |
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Definition
WWII - women
Affirmative action |
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Definition
| companies move their labor forces over seas. |
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| company lays off workers. Takes awhile to find jobs, paid much less |
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culture
(CULTURE AND MEDIA) |
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Definition
| totality of customs, knowledge, and behav. |
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Definition
| nation of same common beliefs |
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| set of common beliefs and practices (basic human needs) |
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| process of cultural item spreading to different societies |
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| technology aids in diffusion |
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| difference in material culture and non-material culture |
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| role of language in culture |
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Definition
| reflects the priorities of culture |
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Definition
| language shapes a culture (determined by values of a culture) |
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| nonverbal communication is significant in communication b/c... |
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Definition
| helps you understand what that culture values |
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Definition
formal norms-written down (w/ spec. punishments)
informal norms-unwritten rules
mores-norm deemed necessary to welfare of society
folkway-norm that governs everyday behavior |
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Definition
| rewards or punishments for adhering to social norms |
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| what a culture deems proper |
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| ideology that helps powerful retain power |
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| slice of culture with distinct pattern of behaviors (diff values) |
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Definition
| groups out of main culture want to be different |
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| feeling experienced when immersed in unfamiliar culture |
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| how does the media act as an agent of socialization? |
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Definition
| present standard idea about culture (the norm) |
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| How does the media enforces social norms |
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Definition
| main characters act as role models through social norms |
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| how does media confer social status |
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Definition
makes someone famous
i.e. paris hilton |
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| how does media promote consumption |
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Definition
| Nag factor through commercials |
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Definition
| Media defines what is important to be covered |
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Definition
| wearing out the severity of event |
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Definition
| people who determine what is covered on news |
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Definition
| Epert and Rooper influence opinions |
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| what is significant about media ownership |
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Definition
| elite people display dominant ideology |
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| what is the global impact of the media |
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Definition
media either global village or global torrent
torrent-we put out media to others |
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| Three types of research designs |
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Definition
Experiment
Survey
Observation |
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