Term
| 1. What is the difference between race and ethnicity? |
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Definition
Race is to biology as ethnicity is to culture
Race-physical markers
Ethnicity- cultural markers |
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Term
| 2. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? |
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Definition
| Prejudice is an attitude that judges a person on his/her group's real or imagined characteristics while discrimination is the unfair treatment of people because of their group memebership |
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Term
| 3. If race is a social construction, why don’t sociologists throw out the category all together? |
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Definition
| Because perceptions of race affect the lives of most people profoundly |
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Term
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Definition
| It allows social inequality to be created and maintained. |
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Term
| 5. What role do scapegoats play in the creation of social inequality? |
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Definition
| A scapegoat is a disadvantaged person or category of people whom others blame for their own problems. |
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Term
| 6. What social groups are most often able to express symbolic ethnicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. What is institutional racism? |
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Definition
| bias that is inherent in social institutions and is often not noticed by members of the majority |
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Term
| 8. How does institutional racism shape the divestment of inner cities and the proliferation of suburban America? |
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Definition
| Banks reject African American mortgage applications more often than applications from white Americans of the same economic standing. |
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Term
| 9. What are the five stages of Robert Park’s ecological theory? |
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Definition
| invasion, resistance, competition, according &cooperation, assimilation |
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Term
| 10. How do internal colonialism and split labor markets explain why some groups are unable to achieve the fifth stage of ecological theory? |
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Definition
| internal colonialism prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized terms of jobs housing and social contacts |
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Term
| 11. What are hate crimes? |
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Definition
| criminal incidents motivated by a person's race, religion ethnicity, sexual orientation or disability |
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Term
| 12. What is affirmative action? |
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Definition
| A policy that gives preference to a minority group if equally qualified people are available |
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Term
| 13. How do hate crimes and affirmative action figure as key concepts in the sociological study of both ethnicity and race and sexuality and gender? |
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Definition
| Hate crimes as well as affirmative action usually have a racial and/or sexual motivation |
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Term
| 14. What is the difference between sex and gender? |
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Definition
sex is based on distinct male or female genitals,while gender is based on masculine and feminine behaviors defined by gender roles in one
s culture and society |
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Term
| 15. What is an essentialist view of gender? |
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Definition
| essentialists view gender differences as a reflection of biological differences between men and women |
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Term
| 16. What are four important sociological critiques of essentialism? |
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Definition
1. ignores historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality
2. generalizes from the average and ignores variations within gender groups
3. Little or no evidence directly supports claim
4/ Ignores the role of power |
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Term
| 17. Where do Conflict Theorist and Feminist Theorist locate the root of male domination? |
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Definition
Conflict theorists: class inequality
Feminist theorist: the patriarchal authority relations from structure and patterns of socialization and culture |
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Term
| 18. According to Symbolic Interactionists, are we passive recipients of gender socialization? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. What is the difference between intersexed and transgendered individuals? |
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Definition
Intersexed individuals: born with ambiguous genitals
Transgendered: people who defy society's gender norms and blur gender roles |
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Term
| 20. What is gender discrimination? |
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Definition
| Rewarding men and women differently for the same work |
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Term
| 21. What is the glass ceiling? |
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Definition
| Social barrier that makes it difficult for women to gain top level jobs |
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Term
| 22. In 2006, what was the earnings gap between men and women in the U. S.? |
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Definition
| Women earned only 80.8% of income men earned |
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Term
| 23. What are four sociological explanations for the earnings gap? |
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Definition
1. gender discrimination
2. Domestic responsibilities reduce women's earnings
3. WOmen tend to be concentrated in low wage occupations and industries
4. Work done by women is commonly considered less valuable |
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Term
| 24. What is the logic behind affirmative action programs benefiting women? |
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Definition
| involves hiring more qualified women to diversify organizations |
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Term
| 25. What is the difference between quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile environment sexual harassment? |
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Definition
quid pro quo sexual harassment: takes place when sexual threats or bribery are made a condition of employment decisions
environmental sexual harassment: sexual jokes, comments, and touching thta interferes with work or creates an unfriendly work setting |
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Term
| 26. Why could globalization be understood as a form of imperialism? |
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Definition
| contributes to the cultural domination of less powerful countries by more pwerful countries |
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Term
| 27. What is a global commodity chain? |
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Definition
| worldwide network of labor and production processes whose end result is comodity |
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Term
| 28. What are some differences between transnational corporations and traditional corporations? |
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Definition
| Traditional corporations rely on domestic labor and production while transnational corporations depend on foreign labor and production. Traditional corporations extract natural resources or manufacture industrial goods. Transnational corporations focus on advances in design, technology and management. Traditional corporations sell to domestic markets while transnational corporations depend on world markets. Traditional corporations rely on established marketing and sells outlets while transnational corporations rely on massive advertising campaigns. Traditional corps work with or under national governments and transnational corps are increasingly autonomous |
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Term
| 29. What is the relationship between the George Ritzer’s McDonalization thesis and Weber’s concept of rationalization? |
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Definition
| Theory of McDonalization is a form of rationalization it refers to a spread of the principles of fast food restaurants, such as efficiency, predictability, calculability to all spheres of life. Weber’s concept is the application of the most efficient means to achieve given ends. |
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Term
| 30. What does the term glocalization describe and how is it consonant with symbolic interactionism? |
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Definition
| glocalization is the simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and the strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization |
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Term
| 31. How does regionalization challenge globalization as merely homogenization? |
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Definition
| regionalization is the division of the world into different and often competing economic, political and cultural areas |
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Term
| 32. What are some differences between modernization theory and dependency theory? |
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Definition
modernization theorist: maintain economic underdevelopment results from poor countries not "westernized" in their values and business practices. These countries also lack "western style governments and are unstable. (functionalism"
Dependency theorists: economic underdevelopment is the consequence of exploitation of poor countries by rich countries. (conflict theory) |
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Term
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Definition
| the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory |
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Term
| 34. What are core capitalist countries, peripheral capitalist countries, and semiperipheral capitalist countries? |
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Definition
Corecapitalist countries: major sources of capital technology
peripheral capitalist countries: major sourcesof raw materials and cheap labors
semiperipheral capitalist countries: making considerable progress to industrialize |
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Term
| 35. What does the policy of neoliberal globalization promote? |
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Definition
| private control of industry and minimal government interference in the running of the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to control others even against their will or with the use of force. |
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Term
| 37. What form must power take on to be considered authority? |
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Definition
| legitimate, institutionalized power |
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Term
| 38. What is the difference between the state and civil society? |
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Definition
| The state society is the institutions responsible for formulating and carrying out a country’s laws and public policy. Civil society is the private sphere of social life. |
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Term
| 39. Why is war and terrorism considered politics by other means? |
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Definition
| A general/generic reason war/terrorism is considered politics by other means is because it involves social relations wanting authority or power, and the method that is used to apply policy is violence. Reasons for war are usually poverty and conflicting governmental types. |
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Term
| 40. What is the difference between interstate war and societal war? |
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Definition
| Interstate war takes place between countries and societal war is within countries. |
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Term
| 41. What are the three sectors of the economy and how do they correspond to the three historical revolutions in the history of human labor? |
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Definition
primary (agriculture)
secondary(manufacturing)
tertiary(automation) |
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Term
| 42. What is the division of labor? |
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Definition
| specialization of work tasks |
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Term
| 43. How does scientific management enable the deskilling of work? |
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Definition
| eliminates unnecassary actions and greatly improves workplace efficiency |
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Term
| 44. What are the two labor markets that result from the process of labor market segmentation? |
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Definition
primary (high skill)
Secondary (low skill, usually women and minorities) |
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Term
| 45. What are three barriers that prevent secondary labor workers from moving up into the primary labor market? |
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Definition
| The first barrier is there are few entry level positions in the primary labor market. Workers often lack informal networks linking them to good job openings. The third barrier is the workers typically lack the required training and certification for jobs in the primary labor market. |
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Term
| 46. What was the effect of the rapid globalization of the economy on the U.S. labor market during the 1980s? |
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Definition
Globalization-the process by which formerly separate economies/states/cultures are being tied together and people become aware of their interdependence)
• Unemployment soared |
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Term
| 47. Why is health not just a medical question but also a sociological issue? |
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Definition
| Health risks are unevenly distributed. |
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Term
| 48. What are some social causes of illness and death? |
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Definition
• Human-Environment Factors
• Lifestyle Factors
• Public Health and Health Care Systems |
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Term
| 49. How do these causes intersect with race, class, and gender? |
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Definition
| ?????? Soooooo this is blank |
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Term
| 50. What are some key differences between a conflict perspective and a functionalist perspective of the Health Care System in the United States? |
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Definition
Conflict: that it is a system of privilege for some and disadvantage for others.
Functionalist: private and for profit health care as social institutions that contribute to the smooth operation of society. |
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Term
| 51. How do patient activism, alternative medicine, and holistic medicine constitute challenges to traditional medical science? |
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Definition
patient activism: participation in your own health care rather than passively accepting whatever experts tell you.
alternative medicine: chiropractic therapy, acupuncture, massage therapy
holistic medicine: balancing mind and body; balancing individual and environment. |
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Term
| 52. Why is disability a social construction? |
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Definition
| Because definitions of disabilities are not based self evident biological realities and the definitions differ across societies and historical periods. |
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Term
| 53. What is age stratification? |
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Definition
| Social inequality among age cohorts. |
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Term
| 54. What would be the focus of a symbolic interactionist theory of age stratification? |
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Definition
| The meanings people attach to age-based groups and age stratification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age. |
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Term
| 56. Why are death and dying social problems and not just religious, philosophical, and medical issues? |
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Definition
| Because attitudes towards death vary widely across time and place. So do the settings which death typically takes place. |
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Term
| 57. What is the difference between routine and nonroutine collective action? |
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Definition
Routine: usually non violent and follow established patterns of behavior in bureaucratic social structures.
Nonroutine: often short-lived and sometimes violent(lynch mobs and riots) |
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Term
| 58. What is the breakdown theory of nonroutine collective action? |
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Definition
| Holds that nonroutine collective actions emerge when traditional norms, expectations, and patterns of social organization are disrupted. |
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Term
| 59. What is the difference between absolute depravation and relative depravation? |
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Definition
Absolute: a condition of extreme poverty.
Relative: an intolerable gap between the social rewards people expect to receive and the social rewards they actually receive. |
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Term
| 60. What is meant by the terms contagion and strain in breakdown theory? |
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Definition
Contagion: the inherent irrationality of crowd behavior.
Strain: The serious violation of norms. |
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Term
| 61. What constitutes a social movement? |
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Definition
| Collective attempts to change all or part of the social order. Stepping outside the rules of normal politics.(demonstrating, striking,etc) |
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Term
| 62. What is the solidarity theory of social movements? |
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Definition
| Holds that social movements emerge when potential members can mobilize resources, take advantage of new political opportunities, avoid high levels of social control. |
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Term
| 63. How do resource mobilization and political opportunities affect the development of social movements? |
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Definition
Resource mobilization-process by which social movements crystallize due to increasing organizational, material, and other resources of movement members.
Political opportunities-chances for social movement growth that emerge during election campaigns. |
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Term
| 64. What is the process of frame alignment? |
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Definition
| process by which social-movement leaders make their activities, ideas, and goals congruent with the interests, beliefs, and values of potential new recruits. |
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Term
| 65. What’s so new about new social movements? |
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Definition
| old is linked to workers’ movements, new spans from the whole of humanity to specific social groups and has an ever expanding register of goals. |
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Term
| 66. Why are the women’s movement and the gay rights movement examples of new social movements? |
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Definition
| because they promote the rights of a specific group that has been excluded from full social participation. |
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Term
| 67. Why are the peace movement and environmental movement examples of new social movements? |
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Definition
| because they are concerned with the whole of humanity. |
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Term
| 68. Who participates in new social movements? |
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Definition
| highly educated, relatively well-to-do people from the social, educational, and cultural fields. |
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Term
| 69. What are global movements? |
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Definition
| new social movements that increased the scope of protest beyond the national level. |
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Term
| 70. What do demographers study? |
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Definition
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Term
| 71. What was Robert Malthus’s theory of population growth? |
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Definition
facts: people must and people eat are driven by a strong sexual drive. So as the Food supply slowly increases, Population size grows quickly. There are two forces that can hold population growth in check:
• Preventive measures(abortion, prostitution, and infanticide)
• Positive checks(war, famine, and pestilence) |
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Term
| 72. What does Demographic Transition Theory claim as the main factors underlying population dynamics? |
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Definition
| Industrialization and the growth of modern cultural values. |
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Term
| 73. How does Karl Marx’s explain overpopulation? |
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Definition
| Overpopulation is not a problem of too many people but of too much poverty. |
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Term
| 74. What is the theory of human ecology? |
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Definition
| links the physical and social dimensions of cities and identifies the dynamics and patterns of urban growth. |
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Term
| 75. Why do contemporary urban sociologists focus on entire metropolitan areas and not just on cities? |
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Definition
| Because of the expansion of the suburbs |
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Term
| 76. What is gentrification? |
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Definition
| Process of middle-class people moving into rundown areas of the inner city and restoring them. |
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Term
| 77. What are some differences between the corporate city and the postmodern city? |
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Definition
Corporate-post WW2 perception and organization of North American cities as a vehicle for capital accumalation.
Postmodern-new urban form that is more privatized, socially and culturally fragmented and globalized than the corporate city. |
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Term
| 78. What are the three main forms of environmental degradation? |
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Definition
| Global warming, industrial pollution, and the decline of biodiversity. |
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Term
| 79. What is biodiversity? |
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Definition
| The enormous variety of plant and animal species inhabiting the Earth. |
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Term
| 80. How do environmental problems become social issues? |
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Definition
| When social, political, and scientific circumstances allow them to be defined as such. |
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Term
| 81. What is meant by environmental racism? |
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Definition
| The tendency to heap environmental dangers on the disadvantaged, especially on disadvantaged racial minorities. |
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